Iqela labaphandi lichaze okokuqala kwihlabathi liphela i- iintlobo ezintsha ze-parasite ezincinci Ihlala kwiintlanzi zamanzi acocekileyo kwiLago del Bosque eyaziwayo, indawo ekubhekiswa kuyo kwizifundo zokusingqongileyo. Olu phando, olukhokelwa ziingcali ezivela kwiYunivesithi yeSizwe yaseLa Plata ngokubambisana neziko le-parasitology, lubangele umdla omkhulu kuluntu lwezenzululwazi lwamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yokwahluka kwayo kwizinto eziphilayo.
Le nto iphilayo ayintsha nje kwisayensi, kodwa ikwabonisa amandla amangalisayo: i-hyperparasite ehlala ngaphakathi kwesinye isidalwa esiphilayona ke iphila kwiintlanzi echibini. Olu hlobo, olubizwa ngokuba yiGlugea pygidiopsisis, luvula uluhlu lophando olunezicelo ezinokwenzeka ekulawuleni izifo ezibangelwa zizinambuzane, kunye neziphumo ezinokuthi zichazwe kwi ulawulo lweenkqubo zendalo zasemanzini eYurophu nakwamanye amazwekazi.
Ukufunyanwa okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili kwiintlanzi zamanzi acocekileyo
Olu hlobo lutsha luchongiwe kwiintlanzi ezivela Ichibi leHlathi, kwisixeko saseLa PlataNgexesha lothotho lweesampuli ezijolise ekuhlalutyeni izilwanyana eziphila kwi-parasite zezilwanyana zasemanzini ezinethambo lomqolo, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba yayingeyo-parasite eqhelekileyo, kodwa yi-microsporidium eyinxalenye yeqela lee-microorganisms ezingaphakathi kwiseli ezaziwa ngokuba namandla okuchaphazela izidalwa ezininzi.
Isidalwa safumana igama lesayensi I-Glugea pygidiopsisis Ikwiqela le-microsporidia, iseti yee-microscopic parasites eziye zafumana ukubaluleka kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yendima yazo kwizilwanyana kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, kwimpilo yabantu. Kwimeko ethile, i-microorganism ihlala kwenye i-parasite yohlobo lwePygidiopsis, idala ubudlelwane obungaqhelekanga bebhayoloji.
Oku kufunyaniswa kwenzeke ngenxa yomsebenzi wentsebenziswano weengcali ezivela kwiFakhalthi yeSayensi yeZilwanyana kunye neZiko leeParasitological and Vector Studies, ezisebenzise indlela ebanzi. Ukudibana kweendlela zelebhu kunye nohlalutyo lwentsimi kwabavumela ukuba bafumanise ukuba bajongene ne- uhlobo olutsha ngokupheleleyo kwihlabathi liphela, ngaphandle kweerekhodi zangaphambili kwiidathabheyisi zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuqinisekisa into entsha yokufunyanwa kwezinto ezintsha, iqela lisebenzise i-optical microscopy, i-electron microscopy, kunye nohlalutyo lwe-DNA. Ezi zixhobo zabavumela ukuba bachaze ulwakhiwo lwe-parasite ngokweenkcukacha baze bayithelekise nezinye iintlobo ezinxulumene nayo, besusa ukufana kwezinto eziphilayo ezirekhodiweyo ngaphambili kwaye beqinisekisa ukuba indalo yayo ingazange ibonwe ngaphambili.
Iziphumo zophando zipapashwe kwijenali yesayensi egxile kwi-parasitology, enegalelo ukuqinisekiswa ngokusesikweni luluntu lwezemfundo lwamazwe ngamazweOlu hlobo loshicilelo lubalulekile ukuze oku kufunyanisiweyo kudityaniswe kwiidathabheyisi zehlabathi kwaye kuthathelwe ingqalelo kwizifundo ezizayo malunga neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphila emanzini.
I-hyperparasite enefuthe elithi "mamushka" kwiintlanzi zasehlathini
Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kwiGlugea pygidiopsisis kukuba imeko ye-hyperparasiticEndaweni yokuba ichaphazele iintlanzi ngokuthe ngqo, le microorganism ihlala ngaphakathi kwi-metacercariae ye-Pygidiopsis parasite, esele ikho kwizicubu zezilwanyana zasemanzini ezinethambo lomqolo echibini.
Le ntlangano yezinto eziphilayo ifana nohlobo "lwedoli yaseRussia" okanye "i-mamuschka": i-parasite engaphakathi kwenye i-parasite, yona engaphakathi kwintlanziOlu hlobo lwetsheyini aluqhelekanga kwaye luboniswe ngababhali balo msebenzi njengomzekelo obalaseleyo wobunzima bendalo kwiindawo zamanzi acocekileyo.
I-metacercariae yePygidiopsis, esebenza njengeendwendwe eziphakathi kumjikelo wobomi be-parasite, iba "likhaya" lale microsporidium. I-Glugea pygidiopsisis ihlasela ezi zakhiwo kwaye itshintshe i-biology yazo yangaphakathi, nto leyo enokutshintsha amandla e-parasite ephambili okukhula kwaye ekugqibeleni ichaphazele ukusasazeka kwayo.
Ukujonga ngokweenkcukacha izicubu ezinamalungu omzimba, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezichanekileyo, kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuchaza indlela I-hyperparasite yenza ii-aggregates kunye nezakhiwo ezithile ngaphakathi komzi waso onezibungu. Ezi zakhiwo zibe nomdla kakhulu kuba zinokusebenza njengophawu olukhethekileyo lokuchongwa kweentlobo kumsebenzi wasemaphandleni wexesha elizayo.
Olu hlobo lobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo luluncedo kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela amaqela eziphila nezifo ezisasazekileyo akhiwe ngayo kwiindawo zasemanzini. Ukubakho kwe-hyperparasite kuthetha unxibelelwano olongezelelweyo lwe-trophic kunye ne-ecologicalezibangela ubunzima kwiinethiwekhi zokusasazwa kwezifo, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, zinokunciphisa impembelelo yezifo ezithile.
Impembelelo enokubakho kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nolawulo lwezinto eziphilayo
Ngaphaya komdla wesayensi, enye yezona ngongoma ziphambili zokufunyanwa kwesi siganeko kukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba impembelelo kwizilwanyana eziphila ne-zoonotic potentialI-organism eyosulelwa yiGlugea pygidiopsisis, yohlobo lwePygidiopsis, inxulunyaniswa nemijikelo ye-parasites, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, enokuchaphazela izilwanyana ezanyisayo, kuquka nabantu.
Abaphandi bacebisa ukuba le microsporidium intsha inokuziphatha njenge- umlawuli wendalo weentlobo zezilwanyana ezidla izimuncungokuphazamisa uphuhliso lwe-parasite ehlaselayo. Ukuba le mpembelelo yokuguqula ingqinisiso iyaqinisekiswa, ingavula ithuba lokuyisebenzisa njengesixhobo ulawulo lwebhayoloji ngokuchasene neentlobo zezilwanyana ezibeka impilo emngciphekweni.
Okwangoku, akukho nto ibonisa ukuba iGlugea pygidiopsisis iyingozi ebantwini. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, idatha yokuqala ibonisa ukuba ubukho bayo kunokunciphisa umthwalo weentsholongwane ezinokuba yingozi kwiintlanzi nakwezinye iindawo ezihlala abantu, nto leyo ehambelana namaqhinga olawulo oluzinzileyo kunokuba Kuphephe ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweekhemikhali.
Olu hlobo lwendlela luhambelana neendlela ezikhoyo eYurophu nakwezinye iindawo, apho kukhangelwa khona ezinye iindlela ulawulo lwebhayoloji kwiinkqubo zezolimo zasemanzini nakwiifama zeentlanziNangona oku kufunyanwe eMzantsi Melika, uninzi lwemigaqo yendalo inokusetyenziswa kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi zaseYurophu, imilambo kunye namachibi, apho uxinzelelo oluvela kwizifo ezibangelwa zizinambuzane kwiintlanzi ezifuywayo lukhula khona.
Ababhali bolu phononongo bacebisa ukuba, kwixesha eliphakathi nelide, ukusebenza kakuhle kwale microorganism kunokuvavanywa njengohlobo "lwesitofu sokugonya sendalo" kwiinkqubo ezithile zokuzalisa. de pecesLe ngcamango ayithethi ukuba iza kusebenza ngoko nangoko, kodwa ivula intsimi yomsebenzi apho Izinto eziphilayo eziziintsholongwane zibonwa njengomxhasi endaweni yokubonwa njengozi kuphela.
Isalathisi sezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo kunye nomgangatho wokusingqongileyo kwiindawo eziphilayo zasemanzini
Enye into egxininisa ukubaluleka kokufunyanwa koku kunxulumana phakathi kobukho bezi zinto eziphilayo kunye nemeko yendawo ezihlala kuyo. Ukuvela kwe-hyperparasite ekhethekileyo kubonisa ukuba inkqubo yendalo yaseLago del Bosque igcina inqanaba elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobunzima bendalo, into engaqhelekanga ukwenzeka kwiindawo eziwohlokileyo kakhulu.
Abaphandi bathi iindawo ezifumileyo nezihlukeneyo ezifunxayo, ezifana nale ichazwe kweli chibi, zinokusebenza njenge izalathisi ezingathanga ngqo zokunciphisa ungcoliseko kunye noxinzelelo lwabantu olungaphantsi kolunamandla. Xa iinkqubo zendalo zitshintsha kakhulu, inani leentlobo liyehla, kwaye unxibelelwano oluncinci olufana nolwe-hyperparasite ethile kwenye i-parasite luyalahleka.
Ngale ndlela, oku kufunyanisiweyo kunika ulwazi oludlula nje inkcazo yohlobo olutsha. Kusenza siqonde ngcono indlela Iiwebhu zokutya zicwangciswe kwiindawo ezinamanzi acocekileyo kunye nendlela ezichaphazela ngayo impilo iyonke yenkqubo, kuquka iintlanzi, izilwanyana ezingenamqolo, kwaye, ngokungathanga ngqo, abantu abaxhomekeke kwezi zixhobo.
Ngokwembono yolawulo lokusingqongileyo, ukuba nolwazi oluchanekileyo kangaka malunga nezilwanyana ezifunxayo kunceda ekuyileni amaqhinga okulondoloza ahambelana ngakumbi nenyaniso yendaloEYurophu, apho kuye kwakho ukukhuthazwa kokuhlaziywa kwemilambo kunye neendawo ezimanzi, izifundo zolu hlobo zisebenza njengesalathiso sokuvavanya impumelelo yamanyathelo okubuyisela.
Ngenxa yoko iForest Lake izimisa njengelebhu yendalo yokufunda izifo kunye nobudlelwane bezinambuzane, kunye nokufana okucacileyo namachibi asezidolophini nawasezidolophini kwizixeko ezininzi zaseYurophu. Ukuvela kohlobo olukhethekileyo olunjalo kubonisa ukuba kusekho indawo eyaneleyo yophando olongezelelekileyo. chonga izinto eziphilayo ezintsha kunye nemisebenzi yendalo, eMzantsi Melika nakwamanye amazwekazi.
Amanyathelo alandelayo kuphando kunye nezicelo ezinokubakho
Emva kwenkcazo esemthethweni yeGlugea pygidiopsisis, umngeni ngoku kukuqonda ngokweenkcukacha Le hyperparasite iyichaphazela njani iPygidiopsis? kwaye oku kunemiphumo enjani kwiintlanzi nakwezinye izidalwa ezibandakanyeka kumjikelo wobomi be-parasite ephambili.
Imigca yomsebenzi ecwangcisiweyo ibandakanya uvavanyo lobuninzi bosulelo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. de peces, uhlalutyo lokwahluka kwexesha lonyaka kunye nophando lwendlela Utshintsho kumgangatho wamanzi lunokuchaphazela olu lwalamano lwezibunguLonke olu lwazi luya kuba sisiseko sokuvavanya amandla e-microorganism njengesixhobo sokulawula sebhayoloji.
Ngaphezu koko, injongo kukuthelekisa iziphumo ezifunyenwe eLago del Bosque kunye nedatha evela kwezinye iinkqubo zasemanzini, kokubini kulo mmandla nakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Kwimeko yaseYurophu, kugxilwe kakhulu ukuba kukho i-microsporidia enemisebenzi efanayo yendalo ezingakhange ziqatshelwe okanye ezingekachazwa ngokusesikweni.
Abaphandi bakwagxila kwimiphumo enokubakho kwi ukulima iintlanzi kunye nemveliso de peces ekuthinjweniUkuba kuqinisekiswa ukuba i-hyperparasite inegalelo ekunciphiseni ubukho be-parasite ezichaphazela impilo, ukungeniswa kwayo okanye ulawulo olulawulwayo lunokuhlolwa kwiindawo ezithile zemveliso, rhoqo phantsi kwamanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko lwebhayoloji kunye novavanyo oluneenkcukacha zomngcipheko.
Kwangaxeshanye, kucwangciswa uphando olongezelelekileyo malunga iindlela zofuzo kunye neenkqubo ze-physiological ezivumela iGlugea pygidiopsisis ukuba izinze ngaphakathi kwe-parasitologist yayo ngaphandle kokususwa. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunokubonelela ngezikhokelo eziluncedo kungekuphela nje kwi-parasitology, kodwa nakwi- uyilo lweendlela ezintsha zokuthintela izifo ezichaphazela iintlanzi nezinye izilwanyana zasemanzini.
Oku kufunyanwa kwe i-parasite engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili kwiintlanzi ezivela eHlathini Oku kugxininisa umlinganiselo apho iinkqubo zemvelo zasemanzini zisenazo iimfihlo ezinxulumene nesayensi kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo. Ukudibana kwesakhiwo esifana ne-matryoshka, amandla aso njengomlawuli weentsholongwane ezinempembelelo enokubakho ebantwini, kunye nexabiso laso njengophawu lomgangatho olungileyo wendalo kubeka iGlugea pygidiopsidis embindini wophando lwexesha elizayo olunokuba nemiphumo kulondolozo lwezinto ezahlukeneyo, ukulima amachibi, kunye nempilo yoluntu.
