El I-DNA yokusingqongileyo (i-eDNA) itshintsha indlela esifunda ngayo ngeenkqubo zemvelo zaselwandleNgenxa yale ndlela, ngoku kunokwenzeka ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezidlule kwindawo ethile ngaphandle kokufuna ukuzibona okanye ukuzibamba. Kwanele ukuthatha isampuli yamanzi, ukukhupha izinto zemfuza ezikuyo, uze uyihlalutye ngezixhobo zemolekyuli ezichanekileyo.
Kwimeko yolwandle, i-eDNA iye yaba yi- isixhobo esiphambili sokujonga ii-cetaceans kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zaselwandleIngakumbi kwiindawo ezinkulu kakhulu ekunzima ukuzithatha iisampulu kusetyenziswa iindlela zemveli. Ukususela kumaphulo amakhulu ehlabathi ukuya kwiilabhoratri ezigxile kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, iiprojekthi ezininzi zixhomekeke kolu buchwepheshe ukuphucula ulondolozo kunye nolawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo yolwandle.
Yintoni i-DNA yokusingqongileyo kwaye ifunyanwa njani elwandle?
Xa sithetha nge-eDNA sibhekisa kwi I-DNA eshiywa zizinto eziphilayo kwindawo ezingqongileyo ngokusebenzisa iiseli zesikhumba, ilindle, i-mucus, inkunkuma yezicubu, amaxolo, okanye kwaneziqwenga ezincinci eziphumayo ngexesha lokudada. Ezi zinto zemfuza zihlala emanzini, emhlabeni, okanye emoyeni okwethutyana kwaye zinokuqokelelwa ukuba zithathwe iisampulu ngokufanelekileyo.
Kwiindawo eziphilayo zaselwandle, eyona nkqubo ixhaphakileyo iquka qokelela iilitha ezininzi zamanzi olwandle uze uwahluze ukugcina zonke ezo nxalenye zebhayoloji. Iintsholongwane ezinjengeebhaktheriya kunye ne-phytoplankton zivaleleke kwizihluzo, kodwa zikwafumana nezinye iintsholongwane ezincinci. de pecesii-cetaceans kunye nezinye izilwanyana zasemanzini ezinomqolo ezinokuba nzima kakhulu ukuzibona ngamehlo enyama kuphela.
Nje ukuba izinto zifakwe kwisihluzo, inkqubo iyaqala khupha i-DNA elabhoratri kwaye uyikhulise usebenzisa iindlela zebhayoloji yemolekyulinjenge-PCR kunye ne-metabarcoding. Emva koko, iyalandelelaniswa kwaye ithelekiswe needathabheyisi zesalathiso ukuze kuchongwe ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwesiqwenga ngasinye.
Le ndlela inesiphumo esinye esibalulekileyo: Umgangatho nobubanzi beedathabheyisi zemfuza bumisela ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezinokufunyaniswa.Ukuba ulandelelwano lweentlobo alubhaliswanga kwezo dathabheyisi, olo hlobo aluyi kuvela kwiziphumo, nokuba lukhona ngokwenene kwi-ecosystem ethathwe iisampulu.
Ngaphezu koko, i-eDNA ineempawu zayo xa kufikwa ekuyitolikeni: Ukufumana i-DNA yohlobo oluthile kwisampulu akuthethi ukuba isilwanyana sikwinqanaba elifanelekileyo lexesha.Imisinga yolwandle inokuthutha izinto zemfuza, ukungcoliswa okunqamlezileyo kunokwenzeka, kwaye neempawu zexhoba zinokufunyanwa esiswini sezilwanyana ezizingelayo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuhlalutya idatha ye-eDNA ngaphakathi komxholo wayo wolwandle kunye nowendalo.
Iingenelo ze-eDNA kuneendlela zemveli zokuthatha iisampulu
Uhlalutyo lwe-DNA yokusingqongileyo lufumene indawo kwibhokisi yezixhobo ze-ecology yolwandle kuba lubonelela iingenelo ezicacileyo kakhulu kuneendlela zakudala zokuthatha iisampulu, njengokuloba ngomnatha, ukubalwa kwabantu ngokubona okanye ukubanjwa ngokuthe ngqo kwezinto eziphilayo.
Enye yezona nzuzo zibalulekileyo kukuba indlela engangenisi ntsholongwaneAkunyanzelekanga ukubamba, ukukhohlisa, okanye ukwenzakalisa izinto eziphilayo ukuze wazi ukuba zikhona okanye bezikho. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu xa usebenza neentlobo ezikhuselweyo okanye ezisesichengeni, okanye nezilwanyana ezinkulu ezifana nee-cetaceans.
i-eDNA ikwabonelela ngexabiso elikhulu ukungathathi cala ekuchongeni iintloboNangona iindlela ezibonakalayo zixhomekeke kakhulu kumava noqeqesho lwabajongi, ukwabela ulandelelwano lweentlobo ngeentlobo kusekelwe ekuthelekisweni kweedathabheyisi zemfuza. Nangona ezi dathabheyisi zisakhula kwaye ziphucuka, le nkqubo inciphisa ucalucalulo olunxulumene nobuchule be-taxonomic.
Enye inzuzo ephambili kukukwazi kwayo fumana iintlobo ezinqabileyo, ezingaqondakaliyo, okanye ezingabonakaliyo ezingabonakali xa kusenziwa iisampulu ezibonakalayo okanye kwiinethi zokuloba. Izilwanyana ezingafane ziphume, eziphuma kwiinqanawa, okanye ezihamba emanzini anzulu zinokushiya imikhondo eyaneleyo ye-eDNA ukuze ifunyanwe.
Okokugqibela, i-eDNA inceda ukuphonononga iindawo ezikude kakhulu ukufikelela kuzoLe ndlela iluncedo kakhulu kwiindawo ezikude nonxweme, kwiindawo ezinzulu zolwandle, okanye kwiindawo zokuhlala apho iindlela zemveli zingabiza kakhulu, zibe yingozi, okanye zingasebenzi kakuhle. Ngokucwangciswa kakuhle kweesampulu, iindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zinokugutyungelwa ngexesha elifutshane kwaye ngexabiso eliphantsi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yindlela ethembisayo nengabizi kakhulu yokujonga imeko-bume yolwandle.
Uphononongo olubalulekileyo: ukujonga ii-cetaceans ezine-eDNA kulwandle oluvulekileyo
Umsebenzi owenziwe yi- I-Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO, CSIC), kunye ne-Maritime Research Institute (IIM-CSIC)Olu phononongo, olupapashwe kwiphephancwadi iMarine Environmental Research, lubonise ngokucacileyo amandla e-DNA yokusingqongileyo ekufundeni ii-cetaceans kulwandle oluvulekileyo. Lugxile ekuthelekiseni iziphumo ezifunyenwe nge-eDNA nezo zokuhlolwa kwezilwanyana ngeliso lemveli.
Iqela lezenzululwazi lihlalutye isivumelwano phakathi kweendlela zombini kwizikali ezahlukeneyo zendawoukusuka kwiindawo ezinkulu kakhulu ukuya kwizikali eziphakathi nezincinci. Idatha ibonise ukuba i-eDNA inamandla ngokukodwa ekuchazeni ukwahlukahlukana kunye nokusasazwa kwee-cetaceans xa zisebenza kwizikali eziphakathi, ngokucacileyo zigcwalisa ulwazi oluqokelelwe ngababukeli abasebhodini.
Enye yezona ngongoma zibalulekileyo kolu phando kukuba I-eDNA yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukufumanisa iintlobo zezilwanyana ezingakhange zibonwe ngexesha lephuloPhakathi kwazo kwakukho iirekhodi zee-orcas, ii-long-finned pilot whales, kunye nee-True's beaked whales, iintlobo ezinokungabonakali lula kwiindlela ezibonakalayo ngenxa yokuziphatha kwazo, ubuninzi bazo, okanye iipateni zokuntywila.
Kwangaxeshanye, indlela yokusasazwa kwendawo efunyenwe kusetyenziswa i-eDNA ihambelana kakhulu nokubonwa kwe- Iintlobo ze-cetacean eziqhelekileyo, ezifana ne-fin whaleUkongeza, uhlalutyo lubonelele ngolwazi olutsha malunga nehlengethwa elinemigca, uhlobo oluhlala lungabonakaliswa kakuhle kwiirekhodi ezibonakalayo ngenxa yendlela elisebenza ngayo kwiqela kunye nokuziphatha kwalo ngaphezulu.
Olu bungqina lukhokelele iqela, elikhokelwa nguMiguel Álvarez njengenxalenye yethisisi yakhe yobugqirha, ukuba ligxininise i-eDNA njenge- isixhobo esibalulekileyo esincedisayo sokujonga i-cetaceanUkusetyenziswa kwayo kunomdla ngakumbi kwiintlobo zezilwanyana ezinqabileyo, ezingaqondakaliyo okanye ezinzima ukuzifumana, kuphucula ulwazi lwesayensi malunga nokuba khona kwazo kunye nokusasazwa kwazo kunye nokuxhasa amaqhinga olawulo kunye nolondolozo olusebenzayo ngakumbi, njengoko kugxininiswe ngumphandi onoxanduva lophando, uGqr. Paula Suárez.
Iphulo le-SCANS-IV: ukugubungela isithuba ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili
Uphando olwenziwe yi-IEO kunye ne-IIM-CSIC lwenziwe ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se- Iphulo laseYurophu i-SCANS-IVEli lelinye lawona manyathelo makhulu azinikele ekujongeni izilwanyana zaselwandle ezihlala elwandle kwiNorth Atlantic. Eli phulo lijolise ekufumaneni uqikelelo oluthembekileyo lobuninzi kunye nokusasazeka kwezi zilwanyana zasolwandle kwiindawo ezinkulu zolwandle.
Ngexesha le-SCANS-IV, oku kulandelayo kwaqokelelwa Iisampuli zamanzi ezingama-258 kwizikhululo ezili-129 zisasazeke phezu kolwandle oluyi-270.684 km²Oku kwenza lo mzamo ube yenye yezona zinto zinkulu ezifunyenweyo kwizifundo ze-eDNA ezisetyenziswa kwizilwanyana zaselwandle. Isampulu nganye yacutshungulwa ukuze kukhutshwe kwaye kuhlalutywe i-DNA yokusingqongileyo, eyathi emva koko yathelekiswa nedatha yokubona okubonakalayo.
Umthamo wedatha eqokelelweyo uvumele uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha ezichanekileyo ukufana phakathi kweepateni ezibonwe ngababukeli kunye nezo zityhilwe yi-eDNALe ndlela yokusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezihambelana ngayo zombini ezi ndlela kunye nendawo apho nganye yongeza khona ixabiso elikhulu, kokubini kwizikali zommandla omkhulu nakumanqanaba asekuhlaleni.
Lo msebenzi uxhaswe ngemali yi iBiodiversity Foundation ngeprojekthi yeNuTEC (Iiteknoloji ezintsha ze-molecular kunye ne-remote control zokuvavanya abemi be-cetacean)Imali yeNext Generation evela kwi-European Union idluliselwe ngesivumelwano phakathi koMphathiswa wezoLimo, iiNtlanzi kunye noKutya kunye ne-CSIC, kunye neprojekthi ye-ESMARES 2, ejolise ekuphumezeni ukubekwa esweni kweendlela zoLwandle eSpain nge-IEO kwaye ixhaswe ngemali yi-European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund (EMFF).
Lonke olu thungelwano lwenkxaso-mali kunye nentsebenziswano yezikhungo lugxininisa umdla weqhinga le-eDNA kulawulo oluzinzileyo lolwandleukunceda ekuqiniseni ulawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe nokuqinisekisa ukuba iilwandle neelwandle zikhuselekile, zikhuselekile, kwaye zicocekile xa kujongwa ungcoliseko lweplastiki kwaye ilawulwa ngolwazi lwesayensi oluphambili.
Lonke olu thungelwano lwenkxaso-mali kunye nentsebenziswano yezikhungo lugxininisa umdla weqhinga le-eDNA kulawulo oluzinzileyo lolwandleukunceda ekuqiniseni ulawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe nokuqinisekisa ukuba iilwandle neelwandle zikhuselekile, zikhuselekile, zicocekile, zilawulwa ngolwazi lwesayensi oluphambili.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-DNA yokusingqongileyo kwiindawo eziphilayo zaselwandle nakwezinye iindawo zokuhlala
Nangona ii-cetaceans zingumzekelo obalaseleyo, i-DNA yokusingqongileyo ine- iintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo ekujongeni inkqubo yendaloLe ndlela isetyenzisiwe kwiindawo zaselwandle, emanzini acocekileyo, nasemhlabeni. Iilabhoratri ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkampani ezikhethekileyo ziphuhlise iiprojekthi zokwandisa iingenelo zayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kakhulu.
Omnye wemigca enamandla kakhulu ngu ukumiselwa kobume bezinto eziphilayo kunye nokuchazwa kweendawo eziphilayoNgokusebenzisa i-eDNA metabarcoding, uhlobo "lwesithombe esifutshane" seentlobo ezikhoyo kwindawo ethile lunokufunyanwa, kuchongwe amaqela apheleleyo e-taxonomic kuhlalutyo olunye. Oku kuluncedo ekuhloleni impilo ye-ecosystem, ekufumaneni utshintsho kwimilo yeentlobo, nasekufundeni imiphumo yotshintsho lwemozulu kwi-biodiversity.
Esinye isicelo esibalulekileyo yile ukufunyanwa kwangethuba kweentlobo ezingaqhelekanga nezihlaselayoNgokubona ubukho bazo kwasekuqaleni, i-eDNA ivumela ukusebenza kwamanyathelo olawulo ngaphambi kokuba ezi ntlobo zisasazeke kwaye zibangele impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwindalo nakwizoqoqosho. Iinkampani ezifana ne-Eurofins Cavendish ziphuhlise imigaqo ethile yokuchonga ezi ntlobo emanzini, nto leyo eququzelela iimpendulo ezikhawulezayo kuhlaselo olunokubakho lwezinto eziphilayo.
i-eDNA ikwasetyenziswa ukufundisisa ukutya kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwindle yazoNgokuhlalutya i-DNA equlethwe kwezi ntsalela, kunokwenzeka ukuphinda kwakhiwe ngokweenkcukacha ezibanzi oko kutyiweyo zizilwanyana, nto leyo enegalelo ekuqondeni ngcono iiwebhu zokutya, ukusebenzisana kwezilwanyana ezizingelayo kunye nezilwanyana, kunye notshintsho olunokwenzeka ekufumanekeni kwezixhobo zokutya kwiindawo eziphilayo zaselwandle.
Okokugqibela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-eDNA ukubalwa kwezalathisi zebhayoloji zakudalanjenge-IBMWP (isalathisi se-benthic macroinvertebrate) okanye i-IPS (isalathisi se-diatom), ezizilungelelanisa nomxholo weemolekyuli. Olu hlobo lophando lufuna ukuqinisekisa ubungakanani be-eDNA-based indices ezinokuthi zithathe indawo okanye zincedise iindlela zemveli zokuthatha iisampulu zomzimba zezilwanyana ezincinci okanye i-microalgae, zifumane isantya kunye nokugubungela indawo.
I-Eurofins Cavendish kunye nokunyuka kwe-ecology ye-molecular esetyenzisiweyo
Kwintsimi esetyenzisiweyo, iinkampani ezifana IiEurofins Cavendish zizibeke njengeenkokheli kuhlalutyo lwe-DNA yokusingqongileyo ukuze kufunyanwe iintlobo ngeentlobo kunye nezifundo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngowama-2023, inkampani yaqalisa ilebhu ye-molecular ecology egxile kakhulu kwi-eDNA, ingakumbi ejolise kwiinkqubo zendalo zasemanzini.
Ezi ntlobo zeelabhoratri zibonelela Izisombululo ezenzelwe abaphandi, imibutho yolondolozo, kunye nolawulo lukarhulumenteIinkonzo zabo ziqala ekuyileni amaphulo okuthatha iisampulu kunye nokwenza uhlalutyo lweemolekyuli ukuya ekutolikeni iziphumo kunye nokulungiselela iingxelo eziluncedo ekucwangcisweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo okanye uvavanyo lwempembelelo kokusingqongileyo.
Enye yezinto ezikhuthaza la maqela kukuba indlela engqongqo nesekelwe kubungqinaOku kuxhaswa ziinkqubo ezimiselweyo kunye nolawulo oluqinileyo lomgangatho. Oku kuthetha iziphumo ezithembekileyo, ezisisiseko sokwenza izigqibo kulawulo lokusingqongileyo, ukubeka esweni izicwangciso zolondolozo, kunye nokuyila imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela okusingqongileyo kolwandle.
Ukongeza, i-Eurofins Cavendish kunye nabanye abadlali beli shishini banegalelo kwi Phuhlisa kwaye uphucule iindlela ezintsha ze-eDNAukuzilungelelanisa neematrices ezahlukeneyo (amanzi olwandle, amanzi acocekileyo, inkunkuma, umoya) kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo e-taxonomic. Ngale ndlela, le ndlela iya icaca ngakumbi, isebenza kakuhle, kwaye ifikeleleka kuluhlu olukhulayo lwabasebenzisi.
Kwimibutho enomdla wokuphumeza olu hlobo lohlalutyo, intsebenziswano neelabhoratri ezizodwa imele indlela ekhawulezayo yokubandakanya i-genetics yokusingqongileyo kwiiprojekthi zabongaphandle kwesidingo sokwakha iziseko zophuhliso ezintsonkothileyo. Oku kwenza kube lula kwimibutho emincinci kunye namaziko amakhulu ukusebenzisa ithuba le-eDNA.
Indima yokufikelela ebantwini: ukuqonda i-eDNA ngaphaya kwelebhu
Ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwe-eDNA kukhatshwe ngumzamo omkhulu kwi ukufikelela kwisayensi kunye nemfundoUmzekelo omnye ngumsebenzi we-NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), eyenze uthotho lweevidiyo zemfundo ezibizwa ngokuba yi "Exploring Environmental DNA," ezifumaneka kwiwebhusayithi yayo nakwitshaneli yayo ye-YouTube.
Olu ngcelele luchaza oku ngendlela elula. Yintoni i-DNA yokusingqongileyo, ithathwa njani isampuli, kwaye isetyenziselwa ntoni?Ngokusebenzisa ulwandle njengendawo ephambili, ubuchwepheshe bokuthatha iisampulu obuphuhliswe kwi-AOML buyaboniswa, imisebenzi yokukhupha i-DNA esebenzayo iyaboniswa, kwaye usetyenziso olunxulumene neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, iintlobo ezihlaselayo, kunye neentlobo ezisengozini yokuphela ziyaboniswa.
Le projekthi ibandakanye ukuthatha inxaxheba abafundi abaphumelele izidanga, abafana noMegan Deehan abavela kwiRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science kwiYunivesithi yaseMiami.abagqibe uqeqesho lonxibelelwano lwesayensi kwi-AOML, kunye noososayensi abavela kwi-NOAA kunye ne-Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS). Olu hlobo lweenkqubo lunceda ukusondeza i-molecular biology kuluntu ngokubanzi, kootitshala, nakubaphandi bexesha elizayo.
Ukuqonda kakuhle iziseko ze-eDNA akuncedi nje ekuvuseleleni imisebenzi yesayensi, kodwa kukwanceda... Abaphathi, iingcali, kunye nabemi baqonda ngcono amathuba kunye nemida yesi sixhoboOku kuthintela ulindelo olungenakwenzeka kwaye kukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okunenkathalo nokwaziyo kakuhle ekulawuleni okusingqongileyo kolwandle.
Ingxoxo phakathi kweelebhu, ulawulo, iinkampani kunye noluntu ibalulekile Izigqibo zokulondolozwa nokulawulwa kolwandle kufuneka zisekelwe kwidatha eqinileyo nakwiindlela ezifanelekileyo kwimeko nganye, kwaye i-eDNA icwangciswa njengenye yeentsika zaloo ndlela intsha esekelwe kubungqina.
Konke oku kungasentla kubonisa ukuba I-DNA yokusingqongileyo iye yaba sisixhobo esiphambili sokujonga iinkqubo zendalo zaselwandle, kunye namandla okuxhasa ngamandla iindlela zemveli, ukuphucula ukubonwa kweentlobo zezilwanyana ezingabonakaliyo, ukwandisa ukugubungela indawo yokuthathwa kweesampuli kunye nokubonelela ngolwazi oluphambili lolondolozo kunye nolawulo oluzinzileyo lweelwandle, ukuba luhamba needathabheyisi ezilungileyo, iinkqubo eziqinileyo kunye nokutolikwa ngononophelo kweziphumo kwimeko yazo yendalo kunye neyolwandle.
