Uphando lwesayensi lwakutshanje lugxile kwikona yeCaribbean abaninzi abayithatha njengengachukunyiswanga: amanzi ajikeleze iSiqithi sase-Eleuthera eBahamas. Iqela lamazwe ngamazwe lifumanise ukuba I-cocaine, i-caffeine, iintlungu zokuphelisa iintlungu kunye nezinye iziyobisi egazini leeshark ezininzi, uphawu lomlinganiselo apho imisebenzi yabantu ishiya uphawu lwayo nakwiindawo ezibonakala zicocekile.
Kunokuba ibe yingxelo ebangel’ umdla, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ungcoliseko olutsha lolwandleUbukho bezinto ezingcolisayo ezivelayo, ukusuka kumayeza emihla ngemihla ukuya kwiziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, ezifikelela elwandle ngamanzi amdaka, ukhenketho, kunye nezinye izinto ezikhutshwayo. Nangona olu phononongo lwenziwe eBahamas, iingcali zilumkisa ukuba Le meko ingafana nakwezinye iindawo zabakhenkethi ezikunxweme kwihlabathi liphela, kuquka neendawo zaseYurophu.apho ukulahlwa kwamanzi amdaka angacocwanga kuseyingxaki.
Uphando oluphambili malunga nooshaka base-Eleuthera
Uphando, olukhokelwa ngu iCape Eleuthera Institute Kunye namaqabane ehlabathi, bagxile kunxweme lwesi siqithi, esinye sezingaphezu kwama-700 ezenza iziqithi zaseBahamas. Nangona sikwindawo ekude, izazinzulu zifumanise ukuba I-chemical footprint yomsebenzi womntu ibonwa lula. kula manzi.
Kulo msebenzi, kuthathwe oku kulandelayo iisampuli zegazi ezivela kooshaka abangama-85 eyeyakwa iintlobo ezintlanu zaselunxwemeni: itshaka yengwe (IGaleocerdo icuvier), ushark omnyama (I-Carcharhinus limbatus), ishark yaseCaribbean (UCarcharhinus perezi), u-nurse shark waseAtlantic (Isifo secirratum seGinglymostoma) kunye neshark yelamuni (I-Negaprion brevirostris).
Iqela lihlalutye i-serum yezilwanyana lisebenzisa iindlela eziphambili zekhemistri yohlalutyo, ngakumbi i-chromatography yolwelo edityaniswe ne-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)isixhobo esinobuthathaka kakhulu esivumela ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo kumanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu. Injongo yayikukuchonga ubukho bezinto ezingcolisayo ungcoliseko lwezinto ezibangela inkxalabo ekhulayo (CEC), iqela lezinto eziquka amayeza, iimveliso zokhathalelo lomntu, kunye neziyobisi zokuzonwabisa.
Iziphumo, ezipapashwe kwijenali yenzululwazi Ungcoliseko lwendalo phantsi kwesihloko "Iziyobisi eziseparadesi: i-caffeine, i-cocaine, kunye ne-painkillers ezifunyenwe kwiisharks ezivela eBahamas"Ziye zanikwa umlinganiselo ziingcali zangaphandle njenge esinye sezona ziqwenga zokuqala zobungqina beekhompawundi zokwenziwa kwiishark zasendle kule ndawo.
Ziziphi izinto ezifunyenwe kookrebe?
Kwi-85 yeesharks ezifundwe, Abantu abangama-28 bavavanywe ukuba bane-HIV ubuncinane enye yeekhompawundi ezihlalutyiweyoPhakathi kwezinto ezifunyenweyo kwakukho ikhafeyini, icocaine, iparacetamol (acetaminophen) kunye nediclofenacZonke ezi zinto zinxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla kwabantu, nokuba zii-stimulants, ii-analgesics okanye ii-anti-inflammatories.
Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo yayiyi- I-caffeine, ekhoyo kwiintlanzi ezingama-27 kwezingama-28 ezingcolisiweyoI-Paracetamol ifunyenwe kubantu abathathu, i-cocaine kubantu ababini, kunye ne-diclofenac kubantu abathathu. Kwezinye iimeko, itshaka efanayo ifunyenwe. izinto ezininzi ngaxeshanye, indibaniselwano ethi, nangona ilinganiswa ngobuninzi obuncinci, iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nemiphumo edibeneyo yexesha elide enokubakho.
Olu phononongo lugxininisa ukuba Okokuqala ngqa i-caffeine kunye ne-paracetamol zifunyenwe kwiishark naphi na emhlabeniNgaphezu koko, yiyo Irekhodi yokuqala yecocaine kunye ne-diclofenac kwiisharks eBahamasOku kwandisa uluhlu lweentlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle apho ubukho bezi zinto buqinisekisiweyo khona.
Ngaphandle kwezi zinto zine, uphando luvavanye uluhlu olubanzi lwee-CEC, kuquka amayeza okudakumba, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, amayeza angengowe-steroidal okulwa nokuvuvukala, kunye nezinye iintlunguOlu luhlu lwaluquka iikhompawundi ezifana ne-carbamazepine, i-ciprofloxacin, i-citalopram, i-fluoxetine, i-nimesulide, i-piroxicam, i-sertraline, i-sulfamethoxazole, i-triclosan, i-trimethoprim, kunye ne-tramadol, zonke ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi- iimveliso zamayeza nezokhathalelo lomntu.
Los Ooshaki abahlengikazi kunye nooshaki baseCaribbean Zazibonakala phakathi kweentlobo ezichaphazeleke kakhulu, kwaye imizekelo emininzi ibonisa iikhompawundi ezininzi egazini lakho ngaxeshanyeKufunyenwe nemikhondo yecocaine ubuncinane kwi-lemon shark enye esencinci, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukuchatshazelwa kwayo kudlulela nakwizilwanyana ezikwinqanaba lokuqala lobomi bazo.
Umqondiso wokhenketho kunye namanzi amdaka
Enye yezona ngongoma ziphambili zolu phando lulwalamano phakathi kwezinto ezingcolisayo ezifumaneka kooshaka kunye imisebenzi yabantu kwindawo yophandoAmanqanaba aphezulu afunyenwe kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yi Ikheji yoLimo lweZilwanyana zasemanziniindawo ethandwa kakhulu phakathi Abaqhubi bokuntywila kunye nohambo lwabakhenkethi lokudada nooshaka.
Izazinzulu zikhomba iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthi ezi zinto zikwazi ukufikelela kuzo elwandle. Kwelinye icala, ziphawula impembelelo amanzi amdaka asezidolophiniezinokuba neempawu zamayeza kunye namayeza angasuswanga ngokupheleleyo kwizityalo zonyango. Imisinga yolwandle, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, Babenokuthutha le nkunkuma besuka kwezinye iindawo zesiqithi besiya kwiindawo apho kukho ookrebe..
Kwelinye icala, igalelo elithe ngqo lokhenketho liyakhankanywa. Isazi ngebhayoloji uNatascha Wosnick, umbhali ophambili wolu phando, uchaze ukuba kwiindawo ezixakekileyo kakhulu,Abantu bayachama emanzini baze balahle ilindle labo kwiinqanawa.", eqhubeka nokungenisa amayeza amancinci nezinye izinto kwindalo esingqongileyo yolwandle.
Oku kwenziwa mandundu kukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo nezinye izinto elwandle. Ooshaka, njengoko beqhele ukwenza, Bayaluma baze baphande izinto ezingaqhelekanga abazifumana emanziniezinokuthi zonyuse ukuvezwa kwazo kwizinto ezingcolisayo ezinamathele kuzo plastiki, izikhongozeli okanye amathambo enkunkuma.
Kubabhali, ityala laseBahamas liyamangalisa kuba Le ziqithi ibhengezwa njengendawo ephantse ingachukunyiswanga yindalo.Nangona kunjalo, idatha ibonisa ukuba Ungcoliseko lweekhemikhali luxhaphake kakhulu kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili.kwaye neendawo ezithathwa “njengezicocekileyo” zifumana umxube ontsonkothileyo weekhompawundi zokwenziwa.
Ezi zinto ziyichaphazela njani impilo yooshaki?
Enye yezinto eziye zabangela umdla omkhulu kwiingcali yimpembelelo yezi zinto kwi-physiology yoshaka. Nangona uphando alufumananga bungqina bucacileyo bokuba umonakalo obonakalayo emzimbeni okanye izifo ezicacileyo izinto eziphuma kubonakaliso, yafumanisa umahluko kwiimpawu ezininzi zebhayoloji phakathi kwabantu abosulelekileyo kunye nabo babengenazo iziyobisi egazini labo.
Ngokukodwa, ooshark abane-caffeine, i-cocaine, okanye ii-painkillers emzimbeni wabo babonise utshintsho kumanqanaba e-triglyceride, urea kunye ne-lactateEzi parameters zinxulumene nemetabolism yamandla kunye nempendulo yoxinzelelo, ngoko ke utshintsho lunokubonisa utshintsho oluncinci kwindlela umzimba olawula ngayo amandla okanye osabela ngayo kwiimeko ezixinzelelekileyo.
Iingcali ezidityaniswe nabo, ezifana nochwephesha wolwandle uTracy Fanara, ziye zagxininisa ukuba into ephawulekayo ngokwenene ayikokubona nje i-cocaine okanye iziyobisi kwiintlanzi zaselwandle, kodwa kukujonga utshintsho oluhambelanayo kwiimpawu ze-metabolicOlu hlobo lotshintsho, nangona lusenokungaze lubangele ukugula ngoko nangoko, lunokubangela kuchaphazela ukuziphatha, amandla okuzingela, ukuzala, okanye ukumelana noxinzelelo kwixesha eliphakathi nelide.
Ukuvezwa kwi imixube yezinto ezingcolisayo kwizinga eliphantsi Kunzima kakhulu ukuvavanya. Into nganye, nganye nganye, inokuba ngaphantsi kwemilinganiselo ethathwa njengeyingozi, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kweentlobo ezininzi kunokuvelisa iziphumo eziqokelelweyo okanye ezihambelanayo abangaziwa kangako nangoku.
Ababhali bolu phononongo bagxininisa ukuba, okwangoku, ubudlelwane obuthe ngqo besizathu abunakusekwa phakathi kobukho bezi zinto kunye neengxaki ezithile zempilo kwiintlanzi ezifundwe ngooshaka. Nangona kunjalo, bakholelwa ukuba idatha iyasivumela ukuba sandiswe uphando, kuquka ukulandelwa kwexesha elide, izifundo zokuziphatha, kunye nohlalutyo kwezinye iindawo zejografi, nakwilwandlekazi zaseYurophu ezixakekileyo.
Ingxaki yehlabathi: ukusuka kwiCaribbean ukuya kumanxweme aseYurophu
Nangona olu phononongo lwenziwe eBahamas, luyinxalenye yoluhlu olubanzi lophando malunga nendlela Amayeza okuzonwabisa kunye namayeza emihla ngemihla aphelela emilanjeni, emifuleni, naselwandle.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kupapashwe izifundo ezibonisa imiphumo yezi zinto kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana.
En EuropeUmzekelo, iimeko zichaziwe de peces ivezwe kwi imethamphetamine okanye ezinye izinto eziguqula indlela eziziphatha ngayo, kunye neziganeko zokufa ezifana izisele ezintsha de peces ukufa eTeldeKwizilingo ezilawulwayo, abanye abantu Babonise ukuba bakhetha amanzi awayeneziyobisi.kwanasemva kokuba idluliselwe kwiindawo ezicocekileyo, umzekelo okhumbuza iindlela zokulutha ezibonwa kwizilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo eziphezulu.
Ezinye izifundo, ezenziwe eMelika, zihlalutye impembelelo izinto ezichaphazela ingqondo ezifana ne-MDMA kwizilwanyana zaselwandle ezingenamqolo ezifana nee-octopus. Nangona kweli tyala yayiluvavanyo lwelabhoratri, iziphumo zibonise utshintsho olumangalisayo kwindlela abaziphatha ngayo ekuhlaleniOku kuthetha ukuba iindlela ezithile ze-neuronal zindala kakhulu kwaye zabelwana ngazo phakathi kwamaqela ezilwanyana ahlukeneyo.
Kwimeko yaseYurophu, inkxalabo igxile ekulahleni Amanzi amdaka asezidolophini angaphathwanga ngokwaneleyo ukuya kuLwandle lweMeditera, kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, okanye kuLwandle oluseMantla. Iingxelo zomgangatho wamanzi zifumanise ukuba kukho amayeza okudambisa iintlungu, amayeza okuthomalalisa iintlungu, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kunye nentsalela yamayeza okuzonwabisa kwimilambo egeleza kwezi zitya, nto leyo evula ithuba leemeko ezifana nezo zichazwe eBahamas, nangona zingekabhalwa ngendlela ephawulekayo kwizilwanyana ezinkulu ezidla ezinye ezifana nooshaka.
Ngoko ke amava aseCaribbean asebenza njenge Isilumkiso kwezinye iindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwabakhenkethi, kuquka nonxweme lwaseSpainapho uxinano lwabantu abaninzi ehlotyeni, ukuhamba ngesikhephe sokuzonwabisa kunye nokuchitheka kwamaxesha athile kunokubangela i-cocktail efanayo yeekhemikhali, nangona ingabonakali kangako kuneeplastiki okanye ukuchitheka kwe-hydrocarbon.
Imfuneko yokwenza izinto ezingcolisayo ezivelayo
Okubiziweyo izinto ezingcolisayo ezivelayo (ECC) Ziquka uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwezinto ezazingaqwalaselwa kangako kulawulo lomgangatho wamanzi kude kube kutshanje. Eli qela liquka amayeza, izinto zokuthambisa, izinto zokugxotha, izibulali-ntsholongwane, amayeza okulwa nokudumba, amayeza okuthomalalisa iintlungu kunye namayeza okuzonwabisa, phakathi kwabanye.
Uninzi lwezi zinto zixutyiweyo Azilawulwa ngokuthe ngqo kwimigaqo yokukhululwa esibhedlele, okanye zilinganiselwe kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwazo. Iinkqubo zonyango eziqhelekileyo, ezikhoyo eYurophu naseMelika, Abasoloko bekwazi ukuzisusa ngokupheleleyongoko ke ziphelela emilanjeni, emachibini naselwandle emva kokudlula kwizityalo zonyango.
Umsebenzi owenziwe e-Eleuthera ugxininisa ukuba, nokuba amazinga aphantsi, ezi zinto zingcolisayo zinokuba ukuhlanganiswa kwikhonkco lokutya kwaselwandle kwaye zigqibele zingamaxhoba ezilwanyana ezinkulu ezizingelayo njengookrebe. Le yimeko, ngokutsho kwezazinzulu, Oku kunokuphinda kwenzeke nakwezinye iindawo zeplanethi ezineempawu ezifanayo.ingakumbi apho ukhenketho olunzima, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye neenkqubo zendalo ezixabisa kakhulu indalo zihambelana khona.
Imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neearhente zokusingqongileyo zaseYurophu bezisoloko zifuna oku kangangeminyaka. ukuphuculwa konyango lwamanzi amdakaUkubandakanya ubuchwepheshe obuphucukileyo (obufana ne-ozonation okanye i-membrane filtration) obunciphisa ubukho bamachiza kunye nezinye ii-CEC. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphunyezwa kwezi zisombululo ayihambelani kwaye kuxhomekeke kutyalo-mali lukarhulumente kunye amatyala olawulo kunye nezomthetho Kwilizwe ngalinye.
Kwicandelo lophando, imeko yooshark baseBahamas iqinisa ingcamango yokuba uphando luyimfuneko. izifundo ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa ikhemistri yokusingqongileyo, ibhayoloji yolwandle, kunye nohlalutyo lomngciphekoKungale ndlela kuphela, iingcali zithi, apho kuya kwenzeka khona ukuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo oko kuthethwa zizilwanyana zaselwandle ukuba zibonakaliswe "kwi-cocktail" yeekhompawundi kangangeminyaka, nokuba nganye yazo ibonakala kwiidosi ezibonakala ziphantsi.
Ukufunyanwa e-Eleuthera, kunye Iishark ezithwala i-caffeine, i-cocaine, kunye neentlungu egazini lazoIbe luphawu lwale nqanaba litsha longcoliseko lolwandle: olungabonakaliyo njengeplastiki okanye ioyile, kodwa ludibene nemikhwa yethu yemihla ngemihla kunye nendlela esilawula ngayo inkunkuma kwihlabathi liphela.
