Embindini weAmazon basin, i ukumbiwa kwegolide ngokungekho mthethweni iye yaba yenye yezona zinto ziyingozi kwimekobume nakwimpilo yamakhulu amawaka abantu. Ukusetyenziswa kwe imekyuri kwiinkqubo zokukhutshwa iye yavelisa imeko engazange ibonwe yokungcoliseka kwemilambo, iintlanzi, nakwiindawo ezihlala abantu bomthonyama nangasemilanjeni abaxhomekeke kobu butyebi.
I-Mercury esetyenziswa kwimigodi ayihlali nje kuphela emanzini, kodwa iphinda iqokelele ngokuqhubekayo kwiintlanzi., ngakumbi kwezinkulu kunye nezitya inyama. Ngaloo ndlela, i ukusetyenziswa kwentlanzi, inxalenye esisiseko yokutya kwe-Amazonian, iye yaba yingozi enkulu empilweni.
I-alarm phezu kwamanqanaba aphezulu e-mercury kwiintlanzi nakubantu
Izifundo ezahlukeneyo kunye neengxelo zenzululwazi zibeke amanani kule ngxaki. Kwiingingqi ezifana Umama kaThixo kunye noLoreto, uphando ngamaqumrhu afana ne-Amazon Scientific Innovation Centre (CINCIA), iSiseko soLondolozo kunye noPhuhliso oluZinzileyo kunye neFrankfurt Zoological Society zichonge ubukho obukhulu be-mercury kokubini emoyeni, emanzini, ekutyeni nakwizinto eziphilayo zabemi ngokwabo.
Ngokomzekelo, ePuerto Maldonado, kwafunyaniswa ukuba I-78% yabantu abadala Iinwele zakhe zazinamanqanaba emekyuri ngokuphindwe kathathu kunomlinganiselo omiselwe yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Abasetyhini abaneminyaka yobudala kunye nabantwana abancinci baphakathi kwamaqela achaphazelekayo, okwandisa umngcipheko wokulimala kwe-neurological kwi-fetus kunye nokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kubantwana abancinci.
Ityala le Nanay River, e Loreto, ehambisa amanzi kwisiqingatha sesigidi sabantu e-Iquitos, ixhala ngokufanayo. Kwiindawo ezikufutshane, phantse i-80% yabahlali abavavanyiweyo babonise ukuvezwa okuphakathi okanye okuphezulu kwimekyuri, ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwabo kwiintlanzi zasekhaya. Intlanzi ihlalutywe kwimilambo yaseNanay kunye nePintuyacu, esetyenziswa njengomthombo obalulekileyo weprotheyini, ikwabonise iziphumo ezothusayo: i-14% yazo igqithile kumaxabiso acetyiswa yi-WHO ukuba asetyenziswe ngabantu.
I-Bioaccumulation kunye neziphumo zempilo
I-Mercury ingena kwikhonkco lokutya ngokuyinhloko njenge imethylmercury, eyona ndlela inetyhefu yale ntsimbi. Le nto ibhayoloji iqokelelana kwizicubu zentlanzi, ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezitya inyama nezinkulu. Xa isetyenziswa ngabantu, ikakhulu ngabantu bomthonyama kunye nomlambo, i-mercury ingena emizimbeni yabo, apho inokuthi iqokelele kumalungu abalulekileyo afana nengqondo, isibindi, intliziyo kunye nezintso.
Iziphumo zempilo azikhawulelwanga kumonakalo othile. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi kunye neengxelo ze-WHO, ukuvezwa kwi-mercury, nakwimali encinci kodwa ixesha elide, Ichaphazela inkqubo ye-nervous central, izintso kwaye inokuguqula ukukhula komntwana.Iintloko ezibuhlungu, ukungcangcazela, ukulahlekelwa yinkumbulo, ubuthathaka bezihlunu, neziphene ekuzalweni kwazo kuye kwaxelwa kwiintsana ezisandul’ ukuzalwa. Iziphumo kwimpilo yoluntu zinokuqhubeka amashumi eminyaka.
Kwiindawo ezisebenza ngamandla emigodini, njengeHuepetuhe, iLa Pampa, kunye neMazuko, amanqanaba aphezulu emercury afunyenwe ebantwini nakwizilwanyana zasendle, eneempawu ezinxulumene netyhefu engapheliyo kunye nomonakalo omkhulu wemithambo-luvo.
Izinto ezenza mandundu ukuvezwa kunye neempendulo zentlalo
Ukwandiswa kokumbiwa kwemigodi ngokungekho mthethweni, okuhlala kuxhaswe ziziseko zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neqela elinqumla imida, kuququzelelwe ubukho bemeko ebuthathaka kwiindawo ezinkulu zeAmazonian. Ukuqhubela phambili kokugrunjwa kunye nokutshiswa okungalawulwayo kwee-amalgam zegolide kubangele amanqanaba emekyuri emoyeni ukuba afikelele kumanqanaba afikelela kuma-5000 ng/m³ kwiindawo zemigodi, ngaphezu kwamanqanaba amkelekileyo.
Ubuhlwempu, ukungakhathalelwa, nokungabikho kweendlela ezizezinye kwezoqoqosho kuye kwanyanzela iintsapho ezininzi ukuba zibandakanyeke ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungangqalanga emigodini, maxa wambi zide zivume okanye zinyamezele ubukho babasebenzi-mgodini kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo. Ezi meko zomeleza ukuxhomekeka kwimarike yegolide engekho mthethweni kunye nokwenza ungenelelo okanye amanyathelo olondolozo abenzima.
Ngaphaya koko, impembelelo yongcoliseko ayipheli kwi-ikhosistim yasemanzini. Ugxininiso lweMercury oluphindwe kathathu ukuya kahlanu ngaphezulu lufunyenwe kwiintaka kunye namalulwane kwindawo, ebeka emngciphekweni ulungelelwaniso lwendalo lwengingqi.
Ukubuyisela iintlobo zelitye elingundoqo: i-speak echokoza njengophawu lwethemba
Ityala le ichaphaza elinamachokoza (intlanzi ebalulekileyo ekutyeni kweMadre de Dios) ibonisa ubunzulu bengxaki kunye nokuba nako kwenzululwazi ukunika izisombululo. Emva kokufumanisa ukuba le ntlobo yayinamanqanaba abalulekileyo e-mercury, abasemagunyeni baye bavala ukusetyenziswa kunye nokukhutshwa kwayo. Kangangeminyaka, uluntu luye lwabona ukutya okusisiseko kunyamalala ezitafileni zabo, nto leyo eyaba yimpembelelo enkulu kwinkcubeko nakwisondlo.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kweminyaka eliqela yophando kunye novavanyo kwiifama zeentlanzi, izazinzulu ezivela kwi I-Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP) Bakwazile ukuvelisa imizekelo yecatfish enamachokoza engenamekyuri ngokupheleleyo. Ukusebenzisa iindlela ze-hormonal kunye nokutya okusekelwe kukutya okunokulinganisela, abazange bakwazi kuphela ukubuyisela uhlobo ekusetyenzisweni kwabantu, kodwa ukwenza oko kunye neziqinisekiso zokhuseleko.
La mava avula umnyango wokubuyiselwa kwezinye iintlobo ezichatshazelwa kungcoliseko kwaye abonise ukuba iteknoloji kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo lunokunceda ukubuyisela umva, ubuncinci, ukuthotywa okubangelwa yimigodi engekho mthethweni.
Iingcebiso kunye nemingeni kwixesha elizayo
Ukujongana nale ngxaki, uphando lwakutsha nje lucebisa ukomeleza ulawulo kunye nokucupha ngokuchasene nokumbiwa kwemigodi ngokungekho mthethweningokunjalo khuthaza ukutya okukhuselekileyo kubemi basemlanjeni, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweentlobo ezitya inyama kunye nokukhetha iintlanzi ezincinci okanye iintlanzi ezikhuliswa phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo.
Ukubaluleka kokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zokubeka iliso kokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo, ukuqhuba amaphulo okwazisa, kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zempilo ezikhethekileyo kwabo bathwaxwa yityhefu yemekyuri kukwagxininiswa. Intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu eqinisekileyo, kunye nokukhangela ezinye iindlela zoqoqosho oluzinzileyo kubalulekile ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo kwimilambo yaseAmazoni kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ungcoliseko lweMercury olusuka kumgodi ongekho mthethweni lubonisa isoyikiso samacala amaninzi: luchaphazela ukutya, impilo, inkcubeko kunye nekamva loluntu luphela. Nangona amaphulo afana nokubuyiselwa kwe-mote enechokoza ebonisa ukuba kukho iindlela zokuphucula imeko, ukungxamiseka kokunqumamisa ukusasazeka kwemigodi engekho mthethweni kunye nokubuyisela inkqubo ye-ecosystem kusabalulekile.