Un Ushaka waseGreenland oneminyaka eqikelelwa kwi-399 ubudala Ibe sesinye sezilwanyana ezithethwa kakhulu kuluntu lwezenzululwazi lwamazwe ngamazwe. Le sampuli, ekukholelwa ukuba yazalwa ngenkulungwane ye-17, ivuselele umdla wokuqonda indlela ezinye izilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo ezinokuphila ngayo kangangeenkulungwane ezinzulu zolwandle.
Olu hlobo lwezilwanyana, olwaziwa ngokwesayensi njengo ISomniosus microcephalus kunye nelungu le Intlanzi enkuluIye yaba yeyona nto iphambili kwingxoxo malunga nokuphila ixesha elide kakhulu. Izifundo zamva nje azigcini nje ngokuqinisa ingcamango yokuba inokuphila phantse iinkulungwane ezine, kodwa zikwabonelela ngedatha echanekileyo malunga... ibhayoloji yabo, isantya sokukhula kwabo, kunye nemeko yamalungu abo kwanaxa sele bekhulileingqalelo ekhethekileyo ekuboneni.
Ushaka oneminyaka engama-399 ubudala: sisilwanyana esinethambo lomqolo esiphile ixesha elide kakhulu kwimbali
Uphando lubonisa ukuba Isampuli enkulu ehlalutyiweyo yayiza kuzalwa malunga nowe-1627ngempazamo yeminyaka embalwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba le shark yayisele idada emanzini abandayo aseMantla eAtlantiki xa kwakusiliwa iMfazwe yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu eYurophu kwaye amakoloni okuqala aseNgilani ayeqala ukusekwa eMntla Melika.
Lilonke Kufundwe ooshaki abangama-28 baseGreenland ababanjwe ngengozi ziingqwelo zokuloba kwiNorth Atlantic nasemanzini akufutshane neGreenland. Ubudala obuqhelekileyo beesampuli ezihlalutyiweyo bungaphezulu kweminyaka engama-272, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukuba oku akuyonto ingaqhelekanga, kodwa luphawu oluqhelekileyo lohlobo.
Oku kufunyanisiweyo kubeke le shark njenge isilo esinethambo lomqolo esiphile ixesha elide kakhulu esaziwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, idlula imikhomo ye-bowhead kunye nee-giant turtles, ezaziyeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokuphila ixesha elide kwezilwanyana.
Kuluntu lwezenzululwazi lwaseYurophu, kuquka abo basebenza kwizikhungo kumazwe afana neDenmark, iJamani, okanye iSpain, le ngxelo ayisiyonto nje ebangel’ umdla ngokwezibalo: Ivula ithuba lokucinga ngokutsha ngeengcinga malunga nokwaluphala. kwizilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo, sele sikhangela izinto ezifanayo eziluncedo kunyango lwabantu.
Indlela eyavumela ukuba iminyaka yeshark eneminyaka engama-399 ubudala ibalwe
Ukufumanisa ubudala be- Ushaka oneminyaka engama-399 ubudala Ayilula loo nto. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintlanzi, olu hlobo alunazo izangqa zokukhula kwizakhiwo zalo zamathambo ezivumela ukufundwa ngokuthe ngqo kweminyaka yalo, ngoko ke izazinzulu kwafuneka zisebenzise indlela engaqhelekanga.
Iqela lophando lisebenzise Umhla we-radiocarbon weelensi zamehloLe tissue yamehlo idalwa ngaphambi kokuba izalwe kwaye ihlala izinzile ubomi besilwanyana, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe luluhlu lwezinto eziphilayo oluhlala luhleli. Ngokuhlalutya ubuninzi be-carbon-14 kwezi lens nokuzithelekisa neerekhodi zembali, kwakunokwenzeka ukuqikelela ixesha eliqikelelweyo lokwakheka kwazo.
Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ishark enkulu, engaphezulu kweemitha ezintlanu ubude, Isenokuba malunga neminyaka engama-399 ubudalaIisampulu eziseleyo nazo zivelise amanani amangalisayo, kunye nomyinge wobudala odlula iminyaka engama-272. Kuzo zonke iimeko, le ndlela ibonakalise ukungqinelana okumangalisayo nedatha yembali yokuqikelela ixesha le-radiocarbon.
Le ndlela inconywe kakhulu ziingcali zebhayoloji yolwandle ezivela kwiiyunivesithi zaseYurophu, kuba Ivula amathuba amatsha okuqikelela ubudala bezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana eziphila ixesha elide. ezingenazo iimpawu zokukhula ezicacileyo, into ebalulekileyo kulawulo nolondolozo lwazo.
Ibhayoloji egqithisileyo: indlela ishark yaseGreenland ephila ngayo phantse iinkulungwane ezine
Uninzi lwemfihlakalo ka Ushaka oneminyaka engama-399 ubudala Oku kuchazwe yibhayoloji yayo ethile. Olu hlobo lukhula ngesantya esicothayo kakhulu: uphando lubonisa ukuba Ikhula ngesentimitha enye kuphela ngonyaka.Oku kukhula kancinci kakhulu kunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokunciphisa kakhulu imetabolism yayo.
Iimpawu zabantu abadala Zingadlula iimitha ezi-5 ubude kwaye zifikelela kubukhulu obuphantse bube ziimitha ezisi-7, zinobunzima obungaphezulu kwetoni enye. Nangona kunjalo, zihamba ngesantya esicothayo kakhulu, zingadluli kwiikhilomitha ezimbini ngeyure, nto leyo eqinisa umfanekiso wesilwanyana esikhulu esicothayo esilungele indawo ebandayo nezinzileyo.
Olunye ulwazi olubalulekileyo kukuba ukulibaziseka kokuvuthwa ngokwesondoIzazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba la ma-shark awafiki kwiminyaka yokuzala de abe malunga neminyaka eyi-150 ubudala. Olu phawu, xa ludibene nobomi balo obude, lunika olu hlobo ubomi obahlukileyo kakhulu kobo bezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle eziqheleneyo.
Indawo yayo yokuhlala eqhelekileyo ikwi amanzi anzulu anokudlula iimitha ezingama-2000ingakumbi kwiindawo ezikuLwandlekazi lweArctic kunye neNorth Atlantic. Apho, amaqondo obushushu ahlala esondele ekuqandeni kwaye iimeko aziguquguquki, imeko efanelekileyo yesilwanyana esilungelelaniswe nesantya esiphantsi kakhulu semetabolism.
Oko kutyiwa yishark eneminyaka engama-399 ubudala kunye nendlela eziphatha ngayo
Ngokuphathelele ukutya kwayo, ishark yaseGreenland inokutya okwahlukeneyo. Uhlalutyo lomthamo wesisu lubonise iintsalela ze- intlanzi, i-squid, iintini kunye nenyama eyomileyo olutshona kwiindawo eziphezulu zolwandle. Olu hlobo lokutya oluguquguqukayo luvumela ukuba luphile kwindawo apho izixhobo zingasoloko zininzi.
Ukuhamba kwayo kancinci akuyithinteli ekubeni yisilwanyana esiyingozi. Yonke into ibonisa ukuba sebenzisa ngokupheleleyo naluphi na uhlobo lokutya olufumanekayoOku kuquka ukukhupha izilwanyana ezibuthathaka okanye ezifileyo, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okunxulunyaniswa nokuzingela okusebenzayo. Olu lungelelwaniso phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokufumana izixhobo luhambelana kakuhle nemetabolism yazo yokonga.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iishark ezaziwayo eYurophu, ezifana neshark eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye iintlobo zonxweme ezifumaneka kwiMeditera, Ushaka waseGreenland uphila ubomi obufihlakeleyo ngakumbi, emanzini anzulu, abandayo, kude neendawo zokuloba zokuzonwabisa kunye nezithuthi ezininzi zaselwandle.
Isitshixo sisemehlweni: umbono oye wahlala kangangeenkulungwane.
Ngaphandle kobudala, enye yezona zinto zityhiliweyo kakhulu kwizifundo zakutshanje yimeko yamehlo ezi zilwanyana. Nangona ziphila ixesha elide, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba I-retina yoshaki waseGreenland igcina imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kangangeenkulungwaneOku kutsale ingqalelo enkulu kwiingcali kwi-ophthalmology nakwi-neuroscience.
Uhlalutyo olusebenzisa iindlela ze-genomic, transcriptomic, kunye ne-histological luvumele ukucaciswa okuneenkcukacha ezininzi kwesakhiwo se-retina. Iziphumo zibonise amazinga aphezulu kakhulu ee-fatty acids ezithile, kuquka ii-VLC-PUFA kunye ne-DHA, izinto ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwee-membranes zeseli.
Ezi fatty acids zisebenza njengohlobo "lweoyile esemgangathweni ophezulu" Iyakuthintela ukubanda kwaye igcina ukuguquguquka kwee-membrane. kwiimeko ezibandayo kakhulu nezingenakukhanya. Ngenxa yoku, i-rhodopsin—iproteni enoxanduva lokubamba ukukhanya—ihlala isebenza nokuba kusebumnyameni bobunzulu beArctic.
Umhlohli UDorota Skowronska-KrawczykUmphandi, ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, e-Irvine, kunye nombhali-mbhali wezifundo, ugxininise ukuba kolu hlobo, "iindlela ezintsha kunye nemithetho" zichongiwe malunga ne-retina kunye nokumelana kwayo nokwaluphala. Kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, ezi ziphumo zibonelela ngefestile eyahlukileyo kwiinkqubo zokwaluphala ezahlukileyo kakhulu kwezo zabantu.
Oko le shark eneminyaka engama-399 ubudala inokuba negalelo kuko kwimpilo yabantu
Ngaphaya komdla wokufumana ushaki oneminyaka ephantse ibe ngama-400 ubudalaIzazinzulu zibona olu hlobo lwesilwanyana njengomzekelo wendalo oxabisekileyo wokufunda ngokwaluphala. Kucingelwa ukuba iiseli zalo ziqulethe iinkqubo ezisebenzayo kakhulu zokulungisa umonakalo we-DNA kwaye igcine ukusebenza kakuhle kwezicubu ixesha elide kakhulu.
I-metabolism yayo ephantsi kakhulu inokunceda ekunciphiseni ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma yeseli kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative, izinto ezimbini ezinxulumene ngqo ukuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo kwizigaba eziphambili zobomiUkuqonda indlela le shark eyoyisa ngayo iingxaki ezinxulumene nokuguga kuvula ithuba lophando olutsha kwibhayoloji yokwaluphala.
Kwicandelo lokubona, iziphumo malunga ne-retina ziye zabangela umdla othile. Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali emehlweni esi silwanyana kunokuphefumlela uphando olongezelelekileyo. amaqhinga amatsha okulwa nezifo zamehlo zabantu, ezifana nokuwohloka kwe-macular okunxulumene nobudala okanye i-glaucoma, izifo ezinempembelelo enkulu eYurophu ngenxa yabantu abalupheleyo.
Amaqela aliqela ophando aseYurophu alandela ngokusondeleyo ezi ziphumo, njengoko iindlela ezichongiweyo kwishark yaseGreenland zinokuncediswa zizifundo kwiimodeli zezilwanyana kunye nabantu, ngenjongo yokuba phuhlisa iindlela zonyango ezigcina umbono ebudaleni.
Umngeni wokulondolozwa kwendalo kwiNorth Atlantic nakwiArctic
Nangona ikwazi ukuphila phantse iinkulungwane ezine, ishark yaseGreenland ayikhululekile kwiingozi. Olu hlobo lujongene noxinzelelo olukhulayo, kuquka ukubambisa, ekubeni iisampulu ezininzi zibanjwa kwiinethi nezixhobo ezijoliswe kwezinye iintlobo zorhwebo kuMntla weAtlantiki.
Kongezwa kule nto kutshintsha kwe mozuluOku kutshintsha amaqondo obushushu kunye nemisinga yolwandle eArctic, indawo apho la mashaki axhomekeke khona ngokuthe ngqo. Utshintsho ekufumanekeni kokutya kunye neemeko zokuhlala lunokuchaphazela ngakumbi uhlobo olukhula kancinci kwaye lukhule kade.
Enye into exhalabisayo kukuba ungcoliseko oluvela kwiintsimbi ezinzima kunye nezinye izinto ezidityanisiweyo eziqokelelana kwiindlela zokutya zaselwandle. Ekubeni ishark yaseGreenland inokuphila iinkulungwane ezininzi, inexesha elingakumbi lokuqokelela ezi zinto kwizicubu zayo, nto leyo enokuchaphazela impilo yayo kunye namandla ayo okuzala.
Amaqumrhu olawulo lwezenzululwazi nolokuloba eYurophu nakwiindawo zaseArctic avumelana ukuba Ukulondolozwa kolu hlobo lwezilwanyana kufuna indlela yobulumko.Umjikelo wobomi bayo obude kakhulu uthetha ukuba naluphi na uhlaziyo lwabemi beluya kucotha kakhulu ukuba bekukho ukwehla okukhulu kwenani leesampuli.
Kutheni le shark eneminyaka engama-399 ubudala inomdla kwisayensi nakuluntu
Ibali lika-a Ushaka osenokuba waqala ubomi bakhe ngenkulungwane ye-17 kwaye usadada nanamhlanje Inendawo ephawulekayo ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphaya kwebali elingeyonyani, esi silwanyana siphakamise imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nendlela izilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo ezikhula ngayo kunye nezinto ezizivumela ukuba ziphile ixesha elide kangaka.
Indibaniselwano ye-a ukukhula okucothayo kakhulu, imetabolism encinci kakhulu, kunye nobomi emanzini anzulu, abandayo Ibonisa imeko yebhayoloji eyahlukileyo kakhulu kweyeentlobo ezininzi ezaziwayo. Yonke idatha entsha efunyenweyo malunga ne-physiology yayo—nokuba ikwi-retina, kwi-DNA, okanye kwisantya sayo sokukhula—inceda ekuphuculeni iingcamango malunga nokwaluphala.
Kumaqela asebenza eYurophu nakwezinye iindawo, ishark yaseGreenland ibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuvala umsantsa phakathi kwebhayoloji yolwandle kunye nonyango lwabantu. Ityala likashark oneminyaka engama-399 ubudala liphakamisa imibuzo emitsha malunga nendlela esinokuthi ngayo ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi kumanqanaba alandelayo kwaye kuthintelwe izifo ezinxulumene nokwaluphala.
Umfanekiso ophantse ube yintsomi wale shark ineminyaka elikhulu ubudala ushwankathela uninzi lwezinto ezingekaziwa ngobomi elwandle: nangona ihlabathi litshintshe ngokupheleleyo emhlabeni ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-17, ezinzulwini kuqhubeka ukuhamba, ngesantya esicothayo kodwa esizinzileyo, isilwanyana esibonisa enye yezona mizekelo zicacileyo zobomi obude kakhulu kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, sinokunika izikhokelo ezixabisekileyo zokuqonda ukwaluphala kwethu.
