Ukulima emanzini akusekho nje ngamachibi avulekileyo okanye iikheji elwandle oluvulekileyo. Ngokuya kusanda, iingcali kweli candelo zijonge phambili iimodeli zokuphinda kujikeleziswe amanzi kwi-aquaculture njengolona khetho lufanelekileyo lokuvelisa ngaphezulu, ngolawulo olukhulu, kwaye ngaphandle kwempembelelo ingako kwindalo esingqongileyo. Olu hlobo lwesakhiwo ludibanisa ubunjineli, ibhayoloji, kunye nolawulo lwamanzi ukugcina iintlanzi zikwimeko entle kangangoko, ngelixa ngaxeshanye kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo.
Kule nguqu yezobuchwepheshe, ii-Aquaculture Recirculation Systems, ezaziwa ngokuba Iinkqubo ze-RAS (Recirculating Aquaculture Systems)Ziye zaba yindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu. Azingomkhwa odlulayo: bezisetyenziswa amashumi eminyaka kwiindawo zokufuya iintlanzi nakwiindawo zophando, kodwa ngoku ziqala ukuvelisa imveliso enzulu yorhwebo, i-aquaponics, kunye neemodeli ze-aquaculture ezidityanisiweyo ezininzi, zivula indlela ye-aquaculture ezinzileyo ngakumbi.
Yintoni inkqubo yokulima aquaculture (i-RAS) ejikelezayo?
Inkqubo yokulima iintlanzi ezijikelezayo, ngokuyintloko, yindawo apho Amanzi asetyenziswa rhoqo emva kokudlula kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zonyango lomzimba, lwekhemikhali, nolwebhayoloji. Endaweni yokuxhomekeka ekungeneni okukhulu kwamanzi acocekileyo rhoqo, umthamo ofanayo ujikeleziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiitanki zokulima kunye neyunithi yokucoca.
Ngokungafaniyo namachibi emveli, kwi-RAS iintlanzi zigcinwa iitanki zangaphakathi okanye iikhejiNgokwesiqhelo, oku kwenzeka kwizakhiwo ezivalekileyo okanye kwiindawo ezilawulwa yimozulu, apho phantse yonke into eyenzekayo (ubushushu, ioksijini, umgangatho wamanzi, ukukhanya, ubuninzi besitokhwe, njl.njl.) iphantsi kolawulo lomqhubi. Amanzi aphuma kwiitanki acocwa kusetyenziswa izihluzi zoomatshini, ii-biofilters, kunye nezinye izixhobo, aze abuyiselwe kwintlanzi kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo kwimpilo-ntle nokukhula kwayo.
Kwezi nkqubo, kufakwa oku kulandelayo kuphela: iqhezu elincinci lamanzi amatsha Oku kuhlawula ilahleko ezibangelwa kukufuma, ukutshiza, kunye nokucocwa okufunekayo kwenkunkuma edibeneyo. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi xa kuthelekiswa nokufakelwa okuvulekileyo, okuvumela iifama ukuba zibe kwindawo apho amanzi anqongopheleyo okanye abiza kakhulu.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba i-RAS ayilobuchwepheshe butsha ngokupheleleyo: ibisetyenziswa iminyaka emininzi kwizigaba ezibalulekileyo ezifana... imveliso yeetshizi kunye neenkukhu ezincinci, kokubini kwiindawo zamanzi acocekileyo nezaselwandle, nakwiilabhoratri zovavanyo apho kubalulekile ukunciphisa umahluko wangaphandle wezinto ezibonakalayo neekhemikhali onokuphazamisa iziphumo zesayensi.
Indima ye-RAS kwi-aquaculture ezinzileyo
Ukulima iintlanzi emanzini kukulungele ukuhlangabezana nesabelo esikhulayo semfuno yeentlanzi kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa olu kukhula lunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba lugxile kwiimodeli ezizinzileyo. ukusebenzisa kakuhle amanzi nomhlabaKule meko, iinkqubo ze-RAS ziye zaba yenye yezona ndlela ziqinileyo zokuvelisa imveliso yasekuhlaleni, ngolawulo oluphezulu lweenkqubo kunye nefuthe elinciphileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
I-RAS ingasebenzisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi 90% amanzi ngaphantsi Ezi nkqubo zingcono kuneenkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokuvuleka kwamanzi, ezihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nemigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo lwemithombo yamanzi oluzinzileyo kunye nezikhokelo zomthetho ezifana ne-Water Framework Directive eYurophu. Ngaphezu koko, zivelisa umthamo ophantsi kakhulu wamanzi amdaka, kwaye le nkunkuma kulula ukuyiqokelela, ukuyinyanga, kwanokuphinda isetyenziselwe.
Ngokugcina isivuno kwiindawo ezivalekileyo okanye ezivalekileyo kancinci, ezi nkqubo zinciphisa umngcipheko ukusaba kweentlobo zezilwanyana zasemziniZinciphisa ukudluliselwa kwezifo kwindawo yendalo kwaye zenza kube lula ukhuseleko lwezinto eziphilayo olungqongqo. Konke oku kuzenza zibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokulima iintlanzi ngendlela enoxanduva ehambelana neminye imisebenzi yaselunxwemeni nasemaphandleni.
Kwelinye icala, amandla aphezulu okulawula umgangatho wamanzi, ucoceko, kunye nokutya kuvula ithuba lokuba iimodeli zemveliso ezizinzileyo ngakumbikuxhomekeke kancinci kwiimeko zemozulu kunye nomgangatho wamanzi aqokelelweyo. Ngale ndlela, iinkampani zinokuceba imveliso eqhubekayo unyaka wonke kwaye zibonelele ngokuhanjiswa rhoqo kwimarike.
Izinto eziphambili zenkqubo ye-RAS
Inkqubo yanamhlanje yokujikeleza kwegazi ineebhloko ezininzi ezichazwe kakuhle ezisebenzisanayo ukugcina indawo efanelekileyo yeentlanziNgaphaya kweetanki zokulima, intliziyo ye-RAS yiyunithi yokucoca amanzi, edibanisa ubuchwepheshe obahlukeneyo.
Kwinkcazo eqhelekileyo sifumana, okokuqala, izihluzi zoomatshini Ukwahlula izinto eziqinileyo, kusetyenziswa izihluzi zedrama. Kwezi nkqubo, amanzi avela kwiitanki adlula kwisilinda esineemeshi, apho kugcinwa khona amasuntswana amakhulu (indle, intsalela yokutya). Idrama icocwa rhoqo kusetyenziswa imilomo yamanzi ecinezelweyo, kwaye umxube oxineneyo wezinto eziqinileyo namanzi uthunyelwa ukuze kulawulwe okanye kulungiswe ngakumbi.
Emva kokususwa kwezinto eziqinileyo, amanzi afikelela isihluzi sebhayolojiI-biofilter sisakhiwo esigcina i-substrate (esisigxina okanye eshukumayo) apho kukhula khona amaqela eebhaktheriya ezinika i-nitrite. Ezi bhaktheriya ziguqula i-ammonia ekhutshwa yintlanzi ibe yi-nitrite, kwaye emva koko, ibe yi-nitrate, engenabungozi kangako kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo okusebenza. I-biofilter yinto ephambili evumela inkqubo ukuba iqhubeke nokuzihlaziya ngaphandle kokuba i-ammonia ifikelele kumanqanaba ayingozi.
Uyilo oluninzi lukwabandakanya iitanki zokukhupha igesiEzi nkqubo zinceda ekususweni kwekhabhoni diokside kunye nezinye iigesi ezingafunekiyo, ngelixa izixhobo zokufaka ioksijini zongeza ioksijini ecocekileyo okanye umoya kwikholamu yamanzi. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nobunzulu bokulima, ukufaka ioksijini kunokufezekiswa kusetyenziswa iikholamu zoqhagamshelwano, iikhowuni zeoksijini, okanye ezinye izixhobo eziqinisekisa ukunyibilika kwegesi ngokufanelekileyo.
Enye ibhloko eqhelekileyo yile ukuvala inzala ngamanziEzi nkqubo zisebenzisa imitha ye-ultraviolet (UV) okanye i-ozone ukunciphisa umthwalo weebhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane emanzini ajikelezileyo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kunciphe ukuqhambuka kwezifo kwimihlambi enoxinano olukhulu. Oku kuxhaswa ziipompo zokujikeleza ezizisebenzelayo, ii-heat exchangers okanye iipompo zobushushu zokulawula ubushushu, kunye neenkqubo zokujikeleza eziqinisekisa ukuhamba rhoqo.
Ulawulo lwenkunkuma kunye nomgangatho wamanzi kwi-RAS
Ulawulo lwenkunkuma olusebenzayo yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwi-RAS ephumeleleyo. Iintlanzi zivelisa izinto ezininzi inkunkuma eqinileyo (iindle, iintsalela zokutya) njengezinyibilikisiweyo (i-ammonia, ii-nitrogen kunye nee-phosphorus compounds), kwaye zombini kufuneka ziphathwe ukuba umgangatho wamanzi olungileyo uza kugcinwa ngaphandle kokunyusa ukuhlaziywa kwangaphandle.
Kwiinkqubo ezisebenzisa amandla aphantsi, ukususa izinto eziqinileyo kunokwenziwa nanga iitanki zokuhlalisaOku kubandakanya ukucothisa ukuhamba kwamanzi nokuvumela amasuntswana ukuba ahlale, aze asuswe ngesandla. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ithatha indawo kwaye ayinakwenzeka kwiinkqubo ze-RAS ezinzulu, apho kufuneka indawo encinci. Ke ngoko, kusetyenziswa izihluzi zesanti ezixinzelelweyo, izihluzi zedrum, okanye ezinye iinkqubo zokwahlula ezizenzekelayo.
Kwizinto ezincinci kakhulu okanye ii-colloids, i-protein fractionator (skimmer), idla ngokudityaniswa ne-ozone. Esi sixhobo sivelisa amaqamza amancinci kakhulu athwala izinto eziphilayo kunye nezinto ezibangela ukuba amanzi akhanye ngaphezulu, nto leyo ephucula ukucaca kwamanzi kwaye inciphise umthwalo wezinto eziphilayo ezinyibilikisiweyo.
Kwinqanaba leekhemikhali, umceli mngeni ophambili ulawulo lwe-ammonia kunye ne-nitrogenI-biofilter iguqula i-ammonia ibe yi-nitrate ngokusebenzisa i-aerobic nitrification. Xa ubuninzi be-nitrate buphezulu kakhulu, inxalenye encinci yamanzi inokucocwa, okanye iinkqubo ze-denitrification zingafakwa, kuquka ubuchwepheshe be-anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox), ezivavanywayo ngeziphumo ezithembisayo kakhulu.
i-pH yenye ipharamitha ebuthathaka, kuba i-nitrification itya i-alkalinity kwaye idla ngokubangela ukuba i-pH ephantsiUkuba inkqubo iba ne-asidi egqithisileyo, i-CO2 enyibilikisiweyo iyanda, nto leyo enokuba yityhefu kwaye inciphise ukufumaneka kweoksijini kwiintlanzi. Ke ngoko, i-pH ilungiswa ngokongeza ii-alkaline agents (ezifana ne-calcium carbonate okanye i-sodium hydroxide) kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha igesi ze-CO2, umzekelo, kusetyenziswa iikholamu zomoya.
Izicelo ekuzaleni i-salmon yase-Atlantic kunye nezinye iintlobo
Enye yeendawo apho iimodeli zokuphinda zijikeleziswe khona zifumene udumo ngakumbi kukuba Intshontsho lesalmon yaseAtlantikiKangangeminyaka, iinkqubo ze-RAS bezisetyenziswa kwisigaba samanzi acocekileyo ukuqhotsa kunye nokutshiza, okuvumela ulawulo olucokisekileyo lomgangatho wamanzi, ubushushu kunye nokhuseleko lwezinto eziphilayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni iintsana ezisempilweni nezifanayo zibe sempilweni.
Okwangoku, kuphuhliswa iiprojekthi ezifuna ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-RAS ukuze amanqanaba okugqibela omjikelo wokutyebaukusondeza imveliso kwiimarike zokugqibela kunye nokunciphisa ukuvezwa kwiingozi zokusingqongileyo zolwandle oluvulekileyo. Nangona ezi nkqubo zifuna utyalo-mali olukhulu, ixabiso eliphezulu lesalmon lenza le ndlela ibe nempumelelo ngokwezoqoqosho, ingakumbi xa idityaniswe namandla ahlaziyekayo ukunciphisa iindleko zombane.
Ngaphandle kwesalmon, iiRAS zisetyenziswa ekulimeni okunzulu kwezilwanyana tilapia, barramundi, trout, gilthead seabream, bass kunye nezinye iintlanzi zaselwandle nezamanzi acocekileyo. Kwiintlobo zeentlanzi zasemanzini afudumeleyo, ukukwazi ukugcina amaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-24°C unyaka wonke kuvumela amazinga okukhula aphezulu kakhulu, ngelixa kwiintlobo zeentlanzi zasemanzini abandayo, amanzi anokugcinwa ngokuzinzileyo ngaphantsi kwe-16°C.
Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkqubo zokubuyisela umbane emzimbeni ziyasetyenziswa iindawo zasezidolophini okanye ezikufutshane nedolophubesebenzisa izakhiwo zoshishino ezingenanto okanye iindawo zokugcina impahla eziguqulwe zaba ziifama de pecesOku kusondela kwiindawo zokusetyenziswa kunciphisa iindleko zothutho, kuphucula ubutsha bemveliso kwaye kunceda iimodeli zemveliso "ezimalunga neekhilomitha ezili-100".
Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla
Ngokwembono yokusingqongileyo, i-RAS ihlukile ngemfuno yayo yamanzi ephantsi kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma. Ngokusebenzisa kwakhona ukuya kuthi ga kwi 99% yomthamo wemihla ngemihla Kwiinkqubo eziphambili kakhulu, impembelelo kwimilambo, amachibi okanye emanzini aselunxwemeni incinci kakhulu, kokubini ngokubhekiselele ekukhutshweni nasekukhutshweni kwamanzi amdaka.
Kulula kakhulu ukwenza inkunkuma eqinileyo ukuqokelela kunye nexabiso kunakwiinkqubo ezinkulu. Endaweni yokuba zisasazeke emanzini amaninzi, zinokufakwa kwimilambo ethile (umzekelo, ukuhlamba iidrama) zize zithunyelwe kwiindawo zonyango, kwiindawo zokwenza umgquba, okanye nakwiinkqubo zokufumana i-biogas okanye izichumisi.
Nangona kunjalo, olu londolozo lwamanzi luza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okufanelekileyoOku kungenxa yokuba kuyimfuneko ukupompa amanzi rhoqo, ukuwafaka ioksijini, ukuwafudumeza okanye ukuwapholisa, nokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane. Ke ngoko, enye yeengxaki ezinkulu kukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla ngokusebenzisa uyilo lwe-hydraulic oluphuculweyo, izixhobo ezisebenzayo kakhulu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo evuselelekayo (ilanga, umoya, i-biomass, i-geothermal, njl.njl.).
Impembelelo iyonke kwindalo esingqongileyo ye-RAS eyilwe kakuhle inokuba sezantsi kakhulu kuneyeenkqubo zemveli ukuba amaqhinga adityaniswe Uqoqosho olujikelezayo, njengokusetyenziswa kodaka, ukubuyiswa kobushushu obusetyenzisiweyo kunye nokudibanisa ne-aquaponics okanye i-integrated multi-trophic aquaculture ukuvala imijikelo yezakhamzimba ngakumbi.
Impilo yeentlanzi kunye nobuninzi bazo
Enye yezona nzuzo zinkulu zeenkqubo zokujikeleza kwegazi kukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba usebenze nazo ubuninzi bezityalo ngaphandle kokubeka ubomi beentlanzi esichengeni ngokuyimfuneko, ukuba umgangatho wamanzi kunye nolawulo lwawo lwanele. Kumachibi emveli, uxinano olukhulu ludla ngokuthintelwa ngumthamo wendalo wokuhlaziya amanzi; kwi-RAS, lo mda uthatyathelwa indawo ngumthamo wenkqubo yonyango.
Ukulawula ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo, ubushushu, i-pH, amanqanaba e-CO2, kunye nobuninzi be-ammonia, i-nitrite, kunye ne-nitrate kuvumela iintlanzi ukuba zigcinwe kwindawo ezinzileyo nengenaxinzelelo kangako kuneenkqubo ezininzi ezivulekileyo. ioksijini isoloko ikwizinga elifanelekileyo kunye neemeko ezihlala zihleli, ukuguqulwa kokutya kuyaphucuka, izinga lokukhula liyanda kwaye ukuchanabeka kwizifo kuncipha.
Nangona kunjalo, uxinano oluphezulu lukwabangela umngcipheko ophezulu kwimpilo Ukuba ulawulo aluphumeleli, izifo zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye nayiphi na impazamo ekulawulweni komgangatho wamanzi inokuba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu. Ke ngoko, iinkqubo ezininzi ze-RAS ziyilwe ngeemodyuli ezininzi ezizimeleyo ngaphakathi kofakelo olunye, ukuze ubhubhane wesifo uthintelwe kwaye ungachaphazeli ifama yonke.
Ukusetyenziswa kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet okanye iinkqubo zonyango lwe-ozone kunceda ekunciphiseni umthwalo we-pathogen emanzini, kwaye, xa zidityaniswe neenkqubo ezingqongqo zokhuseleko lwe-biosecurity (ukucoca izixhobo, ukuhamba kwabasebenzi, ukuphathwa kwebhetshi), kuvumela ukugcina inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu lempilo nakwimveliso ezibanzi.
Iingqwalasela zoqoqosho kunye nokwandiswa kwe-RAS
Ngokwembono yezoqoqosho, iinkqubo zokubuyisela umbane ziphawulwa ngokufuna utyalo-mali oluphezulu lokuqala kwiziseko zophuhliso nakwizixhobo. Izihluzi zedrum, ii-biofilters, iimpompo, iinkqubo ze-oxygenation, ukubulala iintsholongwane kunye nolawulo oluzenzekelayo zimela ixabiso elikhulu lemali xa kuthelekiswa neemodeli ezinkulu okanye ezincinci.
Ukongeza koku kukho iindleko zokusebenza apho umbane kunye nokugcinwa Zinempembelelo enkulu. Imfuneko yabasebenzi abafanelekileyo abakwaziyo ukujonga nokusebenzisa le nkqubo yongeza icandelo leendleko zabasebenzi elingengabo bonke amafama akwimeko yokucinga, ingakumbi kwiimeko apho amandla abiza kakhulu okanye abasebenzi abanqongopheleyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndleko zinokuba ngaphezulu kokuhlawulelwa yi ukulungiswa kwemvelisoegcinwa unyaka wonke ngaphandle kwexesha lonyaka, ukunciphisa ilahleko ngenxa yezifo, ukuphucula ukuguqulwa kokutya kunye nokwenzeka kokuthengisa imveliso enexabiso elongezelelekileyo eliphezulu (umzekelo, enxulunyaniswa neelebheli zendalo eziqonda impembelelo yayo ephantsi kwindalo esingqongileyo).
Kwiimarike apho imfuno yeentlanzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu, zasekuhlaleni, nezizinzileyo iphezulu, ukuphila kwe-RAS kuyanda. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlanganiswa kwe amandla ahlaziyekayo Oku kunganciphisa kakhulu iindleko zamandla, kunciphise ixesha lokubuyisela imali. Akumangalisi ukuba amaziko ophando amaninzi kunye neenkampani zobuchwepheshe zityale imali eninzi kweli candelo, ziphuhlisa izisombululo ezizenzekelayo nezisebenzayo ngakumbi.
Ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo ze-aquaponics kunye neenkqubo ezijikelezayo
Enye yeendlela zendalo zokutshintshatshintsha kwendlela yokujikeleza kwamanzi kukudibana kwazo nokulima izityalo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho iinkqubo aquaponicsKwimeko enjalo, i-ammonia ekhutshwa yintlanzi iguqulwa ibe yi-nitrate ngokusebenzisa i-nitrification, kwaye izityalo zisebenzisa ezi zondlo ekukhuleni kwazo, zinceda ekususeni i-nitrogen emanzini.
Kwinkqubo ye-aquaponics eyilwe kakuhle, iintlanzi zichumisa izityalo ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye izityalo zicoca amanzi abuyela kwiitanki ezikhulayo. Ke ngoko, yi-a phantse ivaliwe isekethe apho kuveliswa inkunkuma encinci kakhulu kwaye kunciphisa izinto ezifakwa ngaphandle, nto leyo evelisa i-biomass yezilwanyana nezityalo enokufikelela kwimarike ngaxeshanye.
Ngokufanayo, i-integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTI) Icebisa ukusebenzisa inkunkuma yolunye uhlobo njengomthombo wolunye olukwinqanaba elahlukileyo letrophic. Umzekelo, isivuno sokuqala de peces okanye ii-crustaceans ezinkunkuma yazo isetyenziswa ziimollusk ezitya izihluzi, kwaye emva koko, zi-algae ezisebenzisa izondlo ezinyibilikisiweyo.
Ukudityaniswa kwe-RAS ne-AMTI kuvumela ukuvalwa okukhulu kwemijikelo yezakhamzimba, ukunciphisa umthamo kunye nomthwalo wendalo wokukhupha izinto eziphumayo kunye nokuvelisa i-biomass eyongezelelweyo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi okongezelelweyoNgaphezu koko, kuye kwabonwa ukuba ubukho be-algae kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zentsholongwane ezinxulumene nazo zinokunceda ekunciphiseni iingozi ezithile zezifo kwiintlanzi, nto leyo ephucula ulungelelwaniso lwendalo lwenkqubo.
Ngokusebenzisa la maqhinga ajikelezayo, ukuphinda ujikelezise ulimo lwezilwanyana zasemanzini akugcini nje ngokusindisa amanzi nomhlaba, kodwa kukwaphucula umgangatho wemithombo yamanzi isetyenziswa kwaye inciphisa uxinzelelo kwindawo efumana amanzi, ihambelana ngokupheleleyo nemigaqo yoqoqosho olujikelezayo kunye nolawulo lwamanzi oluzinzileyo.
Isimbuku sazo zonke ezi mpawu sibonisa ukuba iinkqubo zezolimo zasemanzini zijikeleza kwakhona njengenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla zokudibanisa ukukhula kweli candelo nokukhuselwa kwezixhobo zamanzi, impilo-ntle yezilwanyana, kunye nefuthe elinciphileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Nangona zifuna ubuchwephesha noqoqosho, indibaniselwano yokonga amanzi, ulawulo olupheleleyo lwemveliso, ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo ze-aquaponics kunye neenkqubo ze-multitrophic, kunye nokuguquguquka kokusondela kwiimarike kuthetha ukuba iiprojekthi ezininzi zijonge kuzo. Iinkqubo zokuHlaziya kwakhona kwezeNdawo zasemanzini njengesiseko sobuchwepheshe bokufuya iintlanzi kwixesha elizayo.
