Indalo ingasothusa ngendlela engakholelekiyo. Ubungakanani bezilwanyana bunokungalingani. Oku kwenzeka kwisilwanyana esincancisayo esiphambili kweli nqaku Umnenga oluhlaza. Sisilwanyana esikwaziyo ukulinganisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-108 yeenyawo (malunga 33 mitha) kwaye ulinganise I-190 itoniBahlala elwandle naselwandle. Zithathwa njengezona zilwanyana zikhulu emhlabeni, kwaye indlela yokuphila yahluke kakhulu.
Yiza nathi kwinqaku apho unokufumana khona i iimpawu, indlela yokuphila, ukutya kunye nokuzala womnenga oluhlaza.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ku malunga isilwanyana esikhulu. Ikwangowona mkhulu kuyo yonke iminenga. Enye yeempawu zayo eziphambili kukuba, nangona inde kakhulu, ibhityile ngokulinganayo. Le yindlela evumela ngayo umzimba wakho ukuba usasazwe ngokulinganayoUkuba ubunzima bayo bebungasasazwa ngokulinganayo, bekuya kuba nzima ukuqubha. Ngombulelo kulo lwabiwo olulungileyo lobunzima kunye nokunciphisa kwayo, inokuhamba ngokukhawuleza emanzini.
Umnenga oluhlaza unamaphiko amade kakhulu awuvumela ukuba uhambe umzimba wawo wonke. Oku kuyivumela ukuba ihambe ngesantya esiphezulu emanzini nangona ubukhulu bayo bukhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ifikelela kwisantya se 12 yezigidi ngeyure (malunga ne-22 km/h). Kodwa ukuba imeko ifuna oko, uya kuba nakho ukudada ukuya kuthi ga kwiimayile ezingama-30 ngeyure (malunga ne-50 km/h).
Ekuziphatheni kwabo, sifumana amaqela aneempawu ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zidla ngokuba zizilwanyana Ndedwa, ekubeni zifuna indawo enkulu yokuhlala ukuze ziphuhlise kwaye ziphile. Noko ke, izihlandlo ezininzi, siye sidibane neminenga emibini ehlala kunye. Akuqhelekanga ukufumana iminenga engaphezu kwemibini. Amaxesha amaninzi sibona iminenga emibini kunye, ngumama nosana lwakhe.
Siya kukwazi ukubona iminenga eliqela kunye xa ummandla unawo ukutya okukhuluOku kubavumela ukuba bahlale kunye ixesha elide kwaye bahlale kuluntu. Njengoko sele sisazi, Umnenga iblue whale sisilwanyana esanyisayo, ngoko ke awunazo iigill, kodwa unemiphunga.Iyakwazi ukubamba umphefumlo wayo kwaye ihlale ngaphantsi kwamanzi kangangemizuzu engama-20. Emva kwesi sihlandlo, kuya kufuneka ukuba iphakame ukuze iphefumle umoya. Oku kuyenza ibe sisilwanyana esifunwa kakhulu ukuze siqwalaselwe. Abadli ngokuhlala enzulwini, njengoko kufuneka benyuke ukuze baphefumle. Ilungele ukujongwa kwisikhephe.
Ngaphaya kobukhulu, i-anatomy yayo ibaluleke kakhulu: intloko inkulu kwaye ithe tyaba kwimilo engu-U, spiracles ezimbini ukuphefumla kunye nejethi ebonakalayo enokugqithisa iimitha eziliqela ukuphakama; kunye ne-dorsal fin, ebekwe malunga nekota yokugqibela yomzimba, i encinci kwaye iyahluka ngokuma. Umqala unenqwaba ye ukugoba kwe-ventral (imijelo eyandisiweyo) eyivumela ukuba yandise umlomo wayo xa isondla. Endaweni yamazinyo, iye iindevu iicorneas ezijinga kumhlathi ongasentla kwaye zisebenze njengesihluzo.
Zininzi uhlobo oluthile kunye nomahluko kubungakanani kunye nokusabalalisa: leyo yehemisfere esemantla (Balaenoptera musculus musculus, Antarctica (B. m. imidiya, enkulu) kunye nepygmy (B. m. ibrevicauda) ehlala ikakhulu kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya noMzantsi Pasifiki. Umbala oqhelekileyo ngu ngwevu inamabala, nesisu maxa wambi sibe tyheli ngenxa ye-diatom, kunye ne-pectoral fins emide etsolo; ukongeza, kukho iirekhodi ze iziphumo zamva nje kunye neziphumo.
Ubungakanani bayo obugqithisileyo buhamba kunye neerekhodi ze-physiological: intliziyo yayo inokusondela 600 kg, umthamo wemiphunga ujikeleze amawaka eelitha, kwaye i-aorta yayo ibanzi ngokumangalisayo. Nangona kunjalo, umqala wayo umxinwa kwaye ayikwazi ukuginya ixhoba elikhulu; iqhelene ngokugqibeleleyo nokucoca iicrustaceans ezincinci.
Ukondla kunye nokusasazwa komnenga
Kwidayethi yakho yazisa izixa ezikhulu krill kunye nezinye iintlobo ezincinci zobomi. Ukutya abakuthanda kakhulu yiskwidi, yaye zondla kakhulu xa kuninzi. Bangatya ukuya kutsho kuma-8.000 eeponti zokutya yonke imihla nanini na benako. (phakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-4 yeetoni ngosuku lokufumaneka okuphezulu, kunye neencopho eziphezulu kwii-aggregations ezixineneyo).
Ukondla usana lomnenga ngumsebenzi onzima kumama, njengoko ekwazi ukutya phakathi Iilitha ezili-100 kunye ne-150 zobisi isemgangathweno.
Njengokuba zininzi ii-subspecies ze-blue whale, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukudideka nezinye iintlobo zeminenga ukuba awuyongcali kuyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, uluhlu olusasazeka ngalo Igubungela uLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki kunye nePasifikiAbanye abantu baye bachonga esi silwanyana kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya, nangona manditsho ukuba ezi zinokuba ziimpazamo.
Indawo yokuhambisa Inani lesi silwanyana sanyisayo lehlile. Zombini iindawo zokuhlala zendalo kunye neemeko zolwandle ngokubanzi ziwohlokile. Iilwandle zingcoliseke kakhulu, yaye iminenga ithwaxwa yimiphumo yoko. Zakhe zasasazwa phantse kuzo zonke iilwandlekazi zehlabathi.
Umnenga oluhlaza, ngaphezu kwako konke, a ingcali yokuhluza yexhoba elincinci. Itya ngokutya ngamaphaphu: ivula umlomo wayo phambi kwesikolo sekrill, igalela amanzi amaninzi emva koko. ikhupha amanzi Ngolwimi lwalo ebaleni, ekubambeni ukudla. Nangona ikrill ikukutya kwayo okusisiseko, ithatha kancinci intlanzi kunye neskwidi oko kuxutywa ngamaqunube.
Ukukhethwa kokutya kuyahluka ngommandla: kwi-Atlantic kunye neNorth Pacific idla iintlobo ezininzi ze euphausiids (krill) kunye copepods, ngelixa Antarctic amanzi ice krill kunye Antarctic krill ukongamela. Umntu omdala angaginya amashumi ezigidi zabantu bekrill ngosuku olunye, elilingana ne I-1,5 yezigidi zeekhalori okanye ngaphezulu ukugcina imetabolism yakho.
Iqhinga lokutyisa liphendula kwakhona kumjikelo wemihla ngemihla wekrill. Emini, izikolo ngokuqhelekileyo ziyancipha, kwaye iminenga idla ukutya ngaphezulu kweemitha ezili-100 nzulu; ebusuku, xa krill inyuka, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukubona ukondla kufutshane nomphezuluUkuntywila okuhlala kwi-10 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-20 kuqhelekile, kunye nokunqumama kumphezulu ukuze kufakwe umoya kwakhona.
Uhlobo lu Isizwe. Ikhoyo kwimithombo emikhulu yolwandle, yenza iiyunithi zabemi kuMntla weAtlantiki, kuMntla wePasifiki, kuMazantsi eHemisphere nakuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya. Ubukho bayo bugxininiswe apho i krill zininzi: ukuphakama, imida yolwandle kunye nemiphetho yomkhenkce ngamaxesha athile onyaka. Abantu abaninzi bayayenza ukufuduka phakathi kweendawo zokutyisa ezibandayo ngamaxesha apholileyo/abandayo kunye neendawo ezinemozulu epholileyo apho izala khona kwaye izale, nangona kukho amaqela abahlali kwimimandla enemveliso yoLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya.
Kulwandle oluvulekileyo, zidla ngokubonwa zodwa okanye ngaphakathi Ababini; Ngamanye amaxesha, ukudityaniswa okwethutyana kwenziwa xa ukutya kuxinene ngakumbi, kukho inkitha yabantu esasazwa kwindawo enye. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, izinto ezibonwayo azichanekanga: ukuvuthela okuphezulu, okuthe tye, umqolo omde uyavela, kwaye, ngaphambi kokuntywila nzulu, ukuphakama kwe-caudal fin.
Ukuzaliswa kunye nolondolozo
Ezi zilwanyana zinexesha elide lokuzalisa. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintlanzi ezineminyaka emifutshane, i-blue whale iqala Ixesha lokuzala liqala ekupheleni kokwindla kwaye liqhubeke kude kube busika.Akukho lwazi luninzi malunga nenkqubo yokufumana iqabane, ngoko ke asikwazi ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yokuthandana okanye ukuba bathumela imiqondiso yokubizana. Mhlawumbi le yindlela abayisebenzisa ngayo.
Iimazi ziyavuthwa xa zifikelela kwiminyaka yobudala 10 iminyaka. Iinkunzi zisemva kwexesha kwaye zifuna 12 iminyaka ukukhula. Imazi inokuba namathole rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini okanye emithathu. Nangona zibizwa ngokuba ziintsana okanye ziselula, umnenga osandul’ ukuzalwa unokulinganisa ngokugqibeleleyo 23 iinyawo (7–8 m) ubude kunye nobunzima ukuya kuthi ga I-3 itoniAsiyonto kanye esinokuyibiza incinci.
Ngenxa yeempembelelo zabantu kunye nokuhamba kancinci kokujikeleza, imeko yolondolozo lweminenga iyingozi. Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-60, inani leeminenga laqala ukwehla ngendlela emangalisayo. Namhlanje, Bamalunga ne-12.000 kuphela abantu abaseleyoEzinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba kunokubakho ngaphezu kwe-12.000 efihliweyo kulo lonke ulwandle. Oku kunokufunyaniswa kwinto yokuba ezinye izinto ezibonweyo ziye zachazwa kufutshane nommandla weArctic.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona kubandakanya izinto ezinzima kakhulu zomzimba. ukumitha Ihlala malunga neenyanga ezili-10-12 kwaye ukuzalwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kumanzi apholileyo. Ithole lincancisa iinyanga ezininzi kwaye kuMeyi sela amakhulu eelitha yobisi ngosuku, ukufumana amashumi eekhilogram yonke imihla. I kulunyulwa Kwenzeka xa amantshontsho ephinda kabini ubude bawo bokuzalwa kwaye sele ekulungele ukukhapha unina kuhambo olude. Ukuvuthwa ngokwesondo kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuluntu kunye nobungakanani (amanye amabhinqa abonisa ukukhula kubude obuthile), kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwishumi leminyaka yokuqala yobomi, kwaye amaxesha okuzalwa aqhelekile. iminyaka emibini ukuya kwemithathu.
Ngokubhekiselele kulondolozo, umnenga oluhlaza udweliswe njenge Usengozini kwihlabathi jikelele ngenxa yembali yabo yokuzingela kakhulu kunye nezoyikiso zangoku. Ukulandela ukuvalwa kwezizwe ngezizwe ekuzingeleni kwezorhwebo, abanye abantu babonisa iimpawu ze ukuchacha kade, nangona ubuninzi obupheleleyo buhlala bungaphantsi kwamanqanaba embali kunye neengcinezelo zanamhlanje zinciphisa ukubuyiswa kwayo.
Isenzo somntu
Iminenga yayikhe yazizilwanyana eziqhelekileyo. Ingxaki abanayo kukuba, ngenxa yokuba baphila ubomi obude (iminyaka yabo yokuphila isondele 80 iminyaka), umjikelo wayo mde kakhulu. Badinga phakathi kweminyaka eli-10 kunye ne-12 ukuze bavelise kwakhona. yokukhula, kwaye imazi inokuzala kuphela kwiminyaka emibini okanye emithathu. Oku kuthintela ukuzala kwazo. Nangona kunjalo, iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kwiilwandle kunye neelwandle zinyuka mihla le. Ezi zilwanyana ziba sesichengeni ngakumbi, kwaye akukho nto ingako enokwenziwa ngayo.
Okwangoku, zininzi iinzame zokulondolozwa kwezi zilwanyana. Kuba abantu banomdla okhethekileyo kubo, oku kubabize ixabiso eliphezulu. Inani leminenga eluhlaza ezingelwayo Yayinkulu kangangokuba ukubanjwa kwayo kwafuneka kuvalwe kumazwe ngamazwe, ingakumbi emva kokwandiswa kweenqanawa zoshishino. Nangona ukuzingela kuvaliwe okwangoku, kunye nenani lemizekelo ephantsi kakhulu, kuthathe ixesha elide ukuchacha.
Nangona zizilwanyana ezimangalisayo kunye nezaziwayo, zikhona ukutshatyalaliswa zizenzo zomntu. Ubungqina obungakumbi bokuba sitshabalalisa yonke into esingqongileyo. Ndiyathemba ukuba umnenga unokubuyela kwaye uphucule abantu ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kufuneka sikuqonde ukubaluleka kwezi zilwanyana.
Izoyikiso zangoku zibandakanya uninzi lwemvelaphi ye-anthropogenic. ukungqubana nezikhephe Kwiindlela ezixakekileyo zinokubulala, kwaye ukubanjiswa kwizixhobo zokuloba kubangela ukwenzakala okubi kakhulu okanye ukufa ngenxa yokudinwa. Ukunyuka kwe ingxolo phantsi kwamanzi (i-traffic, i-sonar, i-surveying) iphazamisana nezandi zabo ze-low-frequency vocalizations, ezingundoqo kunxibelelwano lomgama omde, ukukhwelana, kunye nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuhamba.
Iingozi ezihlukeneyo zongezwa: ungcoliseko lweekhemikhali (ezifana neePCB kunye nezinye iikhompawundi eziqhubekayo) ziqokelela kwikhonkco lokutya kwaye zinokuchaphazela i-physiology kunye nokuzala; kunye nobukho be microplastics Elwandle, ziginya iingceba zeplastiki xa zihluza amanzi namaxhoba. Iimodeli zamva nje ziqikelela ukuba umnenga unokuginya amashumi ezigidi zamasuntswana ngexesha leeseshoni zokutyisa kakhulu, ezilingana amashumi eekhilogram yemathiriyeli kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, ngakumbi kuba amaqhekeza amaninzi sele engaphakathi kumadama abo.
El kutshintsha kwe mozulu Iguqula ukuhanjiswa kunye nobuninzi bekrill ngokutshintsha ubushushu, ubutyuwa, kunye neepateni zemveliso. Oku kunokushenxisa amabala okutyisa aphambili kwaye kunyanzelise iminenga ukuba itshintshe iindlela zayo zokufuduka kunye nexesha, ngeendleko ezongezelelekileyo zamandla. Ulawulo lolondolozo lwale mihla lubandakanya imimandla yokunciphisa isantya seenqwelo, uhlengahlengiso lweendlela zokuthumela ngenqanawa, amaphulo okususa izixhobo zesiporho, ukuncitshiswa kwengxolo, kunye nezikhokelo zokhuseleko zamazwe ngamazwe.
Kwintsimi ye-ecology, abantu abadala abanazo izilwanyana zendalo ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, nangona kunjalo i-orcas Basenokuxhaphaza yaye, kwiimeko ezibhaliweyo, babulale abantu abaselula okanye ababuthathaka. I-strandings inqabile; xa zithe zavela, zenza umdla omkhulu woluntu kwaye zifuna ulungelelwaniso kulawulo lwazo.
Ikwaqaqambisa yayo unxibelelwano oluvakalayoZikhupha iminxeba enamandla, ephantsi kakhulu (ngaphantsi komlinganiselo oqhelekileyo wokuva kwabantu) ehamba imigama emide kakhulu. Le miqondiso mhlawumbi isebenza ukugcina uqhagamshelwano, ukuchonga izinto ezicacileyo, kunye nokulungelelanisa ukuziphatha, kwaye zibonisa ukuhluka kwengingqi ezinceda ekuqaphelisweni kwabemi.
Esona sixhobo silungileyo sokukhusela umnenga oluhlaza lulwazi: ukucanda imida ebalulekileyo yeendawo zokutya kunye nokuzala, ukubeka iliso kwindlela yobuninzi betekhnoloji ye-acoustic kunye nokubonwa, kunye nokugcina intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngeelwandle ezicocekileyo, iindlela ezikhuselekileyo zokuthumela ngenqanawa, kunye nokunciphisa ingxolo, zabo ukuhlaliswa inokwenzeka.
Umnenga oluhlaza uchukumisa ubukhulu bawo kunye nokulungelelana kwawo okuthambileyo nolwandle: isigebenga esixhomekeke iicrustaceans ezincinci, amanzi anemveliso nazolileyo, ukufuduka kwamandulo, nonxibelelwano oluchuliweyo. Ukuyikhusela kuthetha ukukhathalela zonke iinkqubo zaselwandle, kwaye ngokwenza oko, sigcina impilo yeelwandle esixhomekeke kuzo sonke.
