Iiplastiki ziye zangena kuzo zonke iikona zeplanethi., ukusuka kwiilwandle ezikude ukuya kumgangatho wolwandle kunye nomhlaba wezolimo. Umthamo wenkunkuma esiwulahla kwindalo awuseyonto nje i-anecdote: sithetha ngeetoni zayo ziqhekeka zibe ngamaqhekeza ahlala amancinane, aphele kwi-ikhosistim, izilwanyana, kwaye ekugqibeleni, imizimba yethu.
Ngaxeshanye, imveliso yehlabathi iyaqhubeka ikhula Kwaye ulawulo lwale nkunkuma lusemva, luvelisa i-cocktail yokusingqongileyo, uqoqosho, kunye neempembelelo zempilo yoluntu. Oorhulumente, amashishini, kunye nabemi sele beqhubela phambili ngamanyathelo kunye nezivumelwano phantsi kothethathethwano, kodwa ixesha lihamba: ukuba asiyitshintshi indlela, ulwandle luya kuba sisibuko senkcubeko yethu yokulahla.
Sithetha ntoni ngongcoliseko lweplastiki?
Ungcoliseko lweplastiki lusukela kwi-macroplastics ukuya kwi-nanoparticlesIziqwenga ezinkulu (ngaphezu kwe-20 cm) ziquka iminatha yokuloba, iingxowa, okanye izinto ezilahlwayo; i-microplastics (ngaphantsi kwe-5 mm) kunye ne-nanoparticles zibangelwa ukuhlukana kwezinto ngemitha ye-UV kunye nokugqoka komatshini. Ngokungafaniyo neenkuni okanye inkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo, iplastiki ayiguquki elwandle: iyaqhekeka ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci aqhubeka amashumi eminyaka.
Uninzi lolungcoliseko lunemvelaphi esemhlabeni, ngenxa yokuvuza kwempahla ekrwada, ukuphathwa kakubi kwenkunkuma, okanye ukukrazuka kwamatayara, impahla, nepeyintiLa maqhekeza aphelela emilanjeni kwaye, ekugqibeleni, elwandle, apho ahlala khona elunxwemeni, adada phezu komhlaba, axhonywe kumqolo wamanzi okanye aphumle elwandle, angena kwi-web yokutya kunye nokuguqula inkqubo yendalo kunye nendalo. iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle ezingenamqolo.
Kwakhona, Inkunkuma yeplastiki isebenza njengesithuthi songcoliseko. Izongezo kwizinto eziphathekayo ngokwazo (iidayi, iiplastiki) zikhululwa, kwaye iplastiki "inkunkuma" igxininise izinto ezinobungozi ezivela kwindalo enokuthi ifakwe kwizinto eziphilayo. Kwinqanaba elikhulu, imisinga inokuthwala ibhaktheriya kunye iintlobo ezingenelelayo idityaniswe neentsalela, ibeka umngcipheko kwiindawo ezihlala zibuthathaka.
Iziphumo azikho kwi-ikholoji kuphela. Ukhenketho, ukuloba kunye nezolimo zasemanzini zifumana ilahleko enokulinganiswa ngenxa yokonakaliswa kweelwandle, ukonakaliswa kwezixhobo zokuloba neenqanawa, kunye nokuhla kwabemi de peces. Ngoko ke, ukongezelela ekubeni yingxaki yokusingqongileyo, ikwangumbandela omkhulu wezoqoqosho.
Ubungakanani bengxaki: amanani anganiki kuphumla
Rhoqo ngonyaka, umndilili we-8 yezigidi zeetoni zeplastiki ziphelela elwandle.Xa iguqulelwa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, oku kufana nokugalela ilori yenkunkuma ezele yiplastiki ngomzuzu ngamnye—phakathi kweelori ezili-1 500 nezingama-2 000 ngosuku. Ukuba imeko yangoku iyaqhubeka, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngo-2025 kuya kubakho itoni enye yeplastiki kuzo zonke iitoni ezintathu zeentlanzi, kwaye ngo-2050 kuya kubakho iplastiki eninzi kuneentlanzi elwandle.
Imveliso iye yanda ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane edlulileyo: ukusuka kwi-2 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-1950 ukuya malunga nezigidi ezingama-400 ngo-2018, kunye noqikelelo lokuqhubeka nokunyuka ukuya kudlula ibhiliyoni e-1.000 ngo-2050. Akukho lula ukukala: kufana nomgca we-13 yezigidi ze-30-toni zeetreyila.
Ukuze ube nomfanekiso ngqondweni wezigidi ezisi-8 zeetoni eziphelela elwandle nyaka ngamnye, uthelekiso lucacile: Banobunzima malunga ne-800 Eiffel Towers okanye malunga ne-14.285 yeenqwelomoya ze-Airbus A380. kwaye yayiza kuhlala kwindawo efana namaxesha angama-34 ubukhulu beSiqithi saseManhattan. Ezi zixa-mali zichaza ukuba kutheni le mfumba idada kwaye igxile kwiindawo ezithile zolwandle.
Ingxaki ayiphelelanga nje elwandle. Malunga nesithathu senkunkuma yeplastiki iphelela emhlabeni okanye emanzini., yaye ungcoliseko lwe<em>microplastic olusemhlabeni lunokuba lukhulu ngokuphindwe kane ukuya kuma-23 kunongcoliso lwaselwandle. Umzekelo omangalisayo: iintsinga ezilukiweyo ezishiywe ngasemva kudaka lwelindle, kamva zasetyenziswa njengesichumiso, zasasaza iitoni zemicroplastics kuwo wonke amasimi ezolimo.
Kwaye malunga nokurisayikilisha, Ipesenti yehlabathi iphantse ibe malunga ne-9%Ngaphaya koko, uninzi lolu hlaziyo aluzinzeki ngenene ukuba izongezo eziyingozi zithwalwa ngaphezulu kwaye ziphinde zingeniswe, ziqhubekisela phambili iingozi zempilo kunye nokusingqongileyo kumjikelo wosetyenziso ngamnye.
Apho iqokelela khona: i-oceanic gyres, "iziqithi" kunye nemeko yeMeditera
Imisinga yolwandle igxininise inkunkuma kwiijire ezininzi zesubtropical. Kukho imimandla emihlanu emikhulu yokuqokelelana: ezimbini kwiPasifiki, ezimbini kwiAtlantiki enye kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya.IPatch yenkunkuma yaseNyakatho yePasifiki, eyaziwa ngokuba yiGreat Pacific Garbage Patch, idlula isigidi seekhilomitha, sikhulu kunommandla odityanisiweyo waseSpain, eFransi naseJamani.
Nangona le yeyona idumileyo, asiyiyo yodwa. Ngamnye kule mimandla usebenza njengefaneli. Ibamba kwaye igcine iiplastiki eziqhekezayo, zivelisa i-micro- kunye ne-nanoplastics ezisasazeka ngokubanzi kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuqokelela ngabanye.
IMeditera idinga ukukhankanywa ngokukodwa: Iqulethe kuphela i-1% yamanzi eplanethi kodwa igxininisa malunga ne-7% ye-microplastics. Ehlabathini lonke. Indawo ebiyelweyo, ingxinano yabemi baselunxwemeni, kunye nokuxinana kwezithuthi zaselwandle zenza mandundu uxinzelelo kwi-ikhosistim yayo, iyibeka phakathi kwemimandla ebalulekileyo yehlabathi.
Izisombululo zeteknoloji ziyaphononongwa ukuze kuhlanjwe iindawo ezinkulu. Kukho amanyathelo ajolise ekususeni ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50% yenkunkuma kwi-Pacific Rim kwiminyaka emihlanu.Nangona zithembisa, zizo zodwa azisombululi inkunkuma eqhubekayo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukwenza okuthile kumthombo nakuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi beplastiki.
Inzululwazi kunye noqwalaselo uncedo isicwangciso iimpendulo. INkonzo yaseLwandle yaseCopernicus ibonelela ngeemodeli zokukhukuliseka elwandle esivumela ukuba siqonde indlela inkunkuma ehamba ngayo, into ephambili yokukhokela ukucoca, ukuthintela kunye nemisebenzi yentsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe.
Impilo yomntu: ukusuka kwikhonkco lokutya ukuya kumalungu ethu
Into eqala elwandle okanye emhlabeni iphelela etafileni nasemoyeni esiwuphefumlayo. I-Microplastics kunye ne-nanoplastics ifunyenwe kwizitho ezahlukeneyo zabantu., kwaye ubukho bayo bude buqinisekiswe kwi-placenta, ebonisa ukuba sesichengeni ukususela kumanqanaba okuqala obomi.
Olona qikelelo lwamvanje lubonisa ukuba Singaginya malunga namasuntswana eplastiki angama-2.000 veki nganye., malunga ne-21 grams ngenyanga kwaye ngaphezu kwe-250 grams ngonyaka. Ukufumana ireferensi, oku bubunzima bekhadi lebhanki ngeveki. Nangona iziphumo ezithile zisafundwa, umqondiso unzulu ngokwaneleyo ukukhawulezisa amanyathelo okukhusela.
Imingcipheko ayiveli kuphela kwipolymer ngokwayo. Izongezo kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo-ezibonelela ngombala, ukuguquguquka okanye ukuqina- Zisahluko esibalulekileyo. Phakathi kwe-15.000 kunye ne-16.000 yeekhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa, kwaye ulwazi oluqinileyo lwesayensi lulinganiselwe malunga ne-3.000 okanye i-4.000; kumawaka abo, asiyazi ngokuthe ngqo impembelelo yabo kwimpilo kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Uncwadi lwezonyango luyachaza Umonakalo onokwenzeka kulusu, ingqondo, isibindi, izintso kunye nemiphunga, ukongeza kwiikhonkco eziphandiweyo kunye ne-pathologies enzulu, kuquka nomhlaza. Kukho kwakhona izibonakaliso zokuguqulwa kwinqanaba lemfuza: umonakalo we-DNA ubonwe, nangona ubungakanani bayo kunye nemiphumo yexesha elide ayikaqondwa ngokupheleleyo.
Ke ngoko, uluntu lwezonyango kunye nenzululwazi lunyanzelisa iindlela ezimbini ngaxeshanye: Ukunciphisa ukuvezwa ngemigaqo-nkqubo yamabhongo kunye nokusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo, kwaye utyale imali kuphando oluguqulela ubungqina kwizisombululo ezisebenzayo kunye novavanyo olusulungekileyo lomngcipheko.
Imveliso, iikhemikhali kunye nomjikelo wobomi: intliziyo yengxoxo
Iplastiki yi 95%, iphuma kumafutha efosiliImozulu yayo ayiyonto incinci: phakathi kwe-4% kunye ne-5% yeegesi ze-greenhouse zivela kwimveliso yayo. Ukuqwalasela ukungcola kweplastiki ngokuzimeleyo kuyimpazamo; yinxalenye “yeengxaki ezithathu” ezichongwe ziZizwe eziManyeneyo: ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ilahleko yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo, kunye nongcoliseko.
Kuthethwano lwamazwe ngamazwe kuyaxoxwa indlela yokujongana nomjikelo wobomi bonke: ukusuka kuyilo kunye nemveliso (kubandakanywa iipolymers ezinyulu kunye nezongezo) ekusebenziseni, ukuthengisa, kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, ulawulo lwenkunkuma. Kwanokuchaza ngokuchanekileyo apho umjikelo uqala-nokuba ngaba iipolymers okanye sele sele kwimveliso yokugqibela-ye yaba sisikhubekiso sobugcisa kunye neempembelelo zokulawula.
Enye into enameva kukurisayikilishwa. Ukurisayikilishwa ngaphandle kwemilinganiselo kunokubuyisela izongezo eziyingozi., ngoko ke "isetyhula" mayikhatshwe zizithintelo kwizinto eziyingozi nakwimigangatho eqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngethuba ngalinye lomjikelo. Ezinye izazinzulu zicebisa ukuba kucuthwe kakhulu uluhlu lwemichiza esetyenziswayo ukuze kulawulwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Okwangoku, uninzi lwemveliso luyaqhubeka lutyhalela phezulu ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki ezisetyenziselwa enye, ezihlala zinexabiso eliphantsi kwixesha elifutshane kodwa zithwala iindleko ezifihliweyo zentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo ukuba uluntu luphela luthwala.
Imithetho, izivumelwano kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo: ukusuka ekuhlaleni ukuya kwihlabathi jikelele
Amanyathelo abalulekileyo amkelwe kwiManyano yaseYurophu. Ukuthengiswa kweeplastiki ezisetyenziselwa enye into akuvumelekanga xa kukho ezinye iindlela.: izinto zokucheba (iifolokhwe, iimela, amacephe, izinti), iipleyiti, icotton swabs, iistraws, izistir ezisela nezinti zebhaluni. Iiplastiki ezonakaliswa yi-Oxo kunye nezikhongozeli ezandisiweyo ze-polystyrene zokutya okukhawulezayo nazo ziye zakhunjulwa.
Iphakheji yaseYurophu ibandakanya Uxanduva olwandisiweyo lomvelisi phantsi komgaqo othi "umngcolisi uyahlawula".Ngokomzekelo, iinkampani zecuba zimele zihlawule iindleko zokucoca izitompi zecuba ngezihluzi zeplastiki, yaye abenzi bezixhobo zokuloba bafanele bahlawule iindleko zokucocwa kwenkunkuma kwezo zixhobo, ngaloo ndlela besindisa abalobi.
Ukongeza, iinjongo ezithile zibekiwe: qokelela i-90% yeebhotile zeplastiki ngo-2029 (umzekelo, ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-deposit-return) kunye neebhotile ezibandakanya ubuncinane i-25% yeplastiki esetyenzisiweyo ngo-2025 kunye ne-30% ngo-2030. Iileyibhile zokulumkisa ngokusingqongileyo nazo ziyafuneka kwiimveliso ezifana neekomityi zeplastiki, izihlungi ze-cigarette, ii-wipes ezimanzi, kunye ne-napkins yococeko.
IPalamente yaseYurophu yomeleze indlela ngezigqibo zokuba Babongoza ukunciphisa inkunkuma yaselwandle, ibeke imiqathango eyongezelelekileyo kwizinto ezinokusetyenziswa kanye, nokukhuthaza izinto ezizinzileyo kwizixhobo zokuloba. Konke oku kuhambelana noMyalelo weNkqubo-sikhokelo yeSicwangciso saseLwandle kunye neNjongo yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo, ngokukodwa i-SDG ye-14 kunye nokujoliswe kuyo 14.1.1 kwinkunkuma yeplastiki edadayo kunye ne-eutrophication yonxweme.
Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, iNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokuSingqongileyo yavumelana ngo-2022 uthethathethwano ngesivumelwano esibophelela ngokusemthethweni ukuphelisa ungcoliseko lweplastikiAmazwe angaphezu kwe-175 athatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo enzulu efuna isivumelwano esinamabhongo. Iintetho ziqhubela phambili, nangona kungekho miqobo: ukunciphisa imveliso, izongezo eziyingozi, uhlaziyo olukhuselekileyo, ukuxhaswa ngemali, kunye nokwenziwa kwezigqibo ezisekelwe kwimvumelwano ziphakathi kweengxoxo eziphambili.
Amava asekuhlaleni anikela izifundo eziluncedo. I-California, kunye nomthetho wayo we-SB54 kwiiplastiki ezisetyenziselwa enye, isebenza njengesalathiso sokudibanisa imigaqo yoxanduva olwandisiweyo, ukunciphisa umthombo, kunye nohlengahlengiso. Imibutho yolondolozo iyasebenzisana ukuqinisekisa ukuba le ndlela ibonakaliswe kumnqophiso wehlabathi.
Imizekelo evela kwintsimi: ukusuka eGalapagos ukuya eMzantsi Korea naseAfrika
Amagunya aliqela athabathe amanyathelo abheka phambili. I-Ecuador ivala ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki enye kwiipaki zayo zelizwe., kuquka phantse lonke Galapagos archipelago, umlinganiselo okhuthaza ukhuseleko lofudo lolwandleNakuba kunjalo, imisinga yolwandle ithwala iibhotile nezinye izitya ukusuka kumgama ongamawaka eekhilomitha, nto leyo esikhumbuza ukuba le ngxaki inqumla imida yaye ifuna ulungelelwaniso lwamazwe ngamazwe.
EMzantsi Korea, Iidolophu ezilobayo zimisele “ukuloba” ukulahla inkunkuma: Iinqanawa zizisa inkunkuma yeplastiki eqokelelwe ngexesha lomsebenzi wazo kwizibuko. Amalinge avele njengeeprojekthi zolingo abonakaliswe ngokwemigaqo yasekhaya, ebonisa ukuba ukuhlehliswa kolungiselelo elwandle kunokwenzeka xa kukho inkuthazo kunye nenkxaso yoluntu.
Amazwe amaninzi aseAfrika aye akhetha ukuvalwa kokusetyenziswa kweplastiki enye, ukukhuthaza ukutshintshela kwizinto ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye neenkqubo. EYurophu nase-United States, iinkampani ezinemigangatho yazo zikhuthaza iindlela ezikhuselekileyo zokurisayikilisha kunye nohlengahlengiso lokupakisha, ngelixa zandisa uxanduva lomvelisi kulo lonke unikezelo.
Iiprojekthi ezinkulu zokucoca nazo zidlala indima. Kukho amalinge asebenzayo ukususa inxalenye enkulu yenkunkuma kumashishini amakhulu., ngamaxesha amabhongo kakhulu. Ngelixa zingathathi indawo yemigaqo-nkqubo yokunciphisa, zincedisana noluhlu lwezisombululo ezikwitheyibhile.
Izisombululo kunye nezenzo: oko oorhulumente, amashishini, kunye nabemi abanokuyenza
Okubalulekileyo kucacile: nciphisa kumthombo, yila ngokutsha kwaye uyisebenzise kwakhonaUkuyila imveliso ehlala ixesha elide, enokulungiseka ngokulula, kunye nenokuphinda isetyenziswe, ukuphelisa izongezo ezinobungozi, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwiinkqubo zokupakisha kunye neenkonzo, kunye nokumisela iithagethi ezibophelelayo zokunciphisa ziintsika zaso nasiphi na isicwangciso esisebenzayo.
Kwishishini, Uxanduva olwandisiweyo luthetha ukuthatha ulawulo lokuphela kobomi: ingqokelela yezimali kunye nonyango, qinisekisa ukuba ukurisayikilishwa akuphindi kusetyenziswe izinto eziyityhefu, kwaye kunikwe ingxelo ngokungafihlisiyo. Iimodeli zeshishini ezisekwe ekuzalisweni ngokutsha, ekubuyiseni nasekupakishweni okubuyiswayo kunokukhula ukuba izikhokelo zolawulo zityhala kwelo cala.
Ulawulo lukarhulumente lungenza izithinteli eziqinisekileyo zisebenze: idiphozithi kunye neenkqubo zokubuyisela ukufikelela kwi-90% yokuqokelela, ukuthengwa kwempahla kawonke-wonke eluhlaza, irhafu kwizinto eziyingxaki, ukuleyibhelishwa okucacileyo, ukubeka iliso kuthotyelo, kunye nenkxaso yemali yokusungula izinto ezintsha kunye noomasipala abalawula inkunkuma.
Kubemi, izijekulo zemihla ngemihla zongeza. Yala iibhegi neestraws ezingeyomfuneko, phatha iibhotile ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe, kwaye uthenge ngobuninzi. Nciphisa imfuno. Ukukhetha iimpahla ezilahla ii-microfiber ezimbalwa, ukuzihlamba ngemijikelo ethambileyo, nokusebenzisa izihluzi koomatshini bokuhlamba nako kuthintela iitoni zemicu ekupheleleni emilanjeni nasemasimini.
Kunye noku, kubalulekile ukuxhasa uluntu olusemngciphekweni, abahlaziyi baphantsi kunye nabasebenzi abavezwayo, abadla ngokuthwala umngcipheko omkhulu kunye nolona khuseleko luncinci. Uxinzelelo lwasekuhlaleni, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiindibano zothethwano noluntu, kunye nokuvota okunolwazi kunceda ukukhawulezisa utshintsho lolawulo.
Uqoqosho, amacandelo achaphazelekayo kunye nesayensi kwinkonzo yesisombululo
Iindleko zokungasebenzi ziphezulu. Ukhenketho lulahlekelwa ngumtsalane ngenxa yokonakala kwamalwandle namanxweme., kunye nokuloba kunye ne-aquaculture ihlawula ixabiso lezixhobo ezonakalisiweyo kunye neenqanawa, ukongeza kwiindawo zokuloba eziphelileyo. Uqoqosho lwesetyhula ayisiyonto yokuthambisa: yimfuneko ukunciphisa ukunyuka kweendleko zentlalo nezokusingqongileyo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke ixhaswa yidatha. Izixhobo ezinje ngeMarine Strategy Framework Directive kunye ne-SDG 14 Inyathelo elikhokelayo elinezalathisi ezifana nokuxinana kwenkunkuma yeplastiki edadayo okanye isalathisi se-eutrophication. Iimodeli zeDrift ezisetyenziswa ziinkonzo ezifana neCopernicus ziququzelela ubungqina obusekwe kumaphulo okucoca kunye nokuthintela.
Uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luqhubela phambili, nangona lungekho kwisantya esingathanda. Imijikelo yothethwano kwisivumelwano sehlabathi yenze ukuba izikhundla zisondelelane., nangona kukho ubunzima malunga nemveliso, izongezelelo, inkxaso-mali, kunye nemithetho yokwenza izigqibo. Ukungxamiseka kwempilo yoluntu kunye nezizathu zokusingqongileyo kufuna isivumelwano esiqinileyo nesinyanzeliswayo.
Okwangoku, Amazwe asebenzisa izikhokelo zawo ezisebenza njengebhedi yovavanyo -njengemimiselo yaseYurophu kwizinto ezisetyenziselwa enye, iithagethi zokuqokelela, kunye nomxholo ohlaziyiweyo-othi, ukuba ulungelelaniswe kakuhle, unokufakwa kwisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe ukufezekisa ukuhambelana kwehlabathi.
Ukujonga umfanekiso wonke, Sinokuxilongwa, izixhobo kunye nemizekelo esebenzayoKufuneka siyinyathele irhasi: sinciphise imveliso engeyomfuneko, sithintele iikhemikhali eziyingozi, siqinisekise ukurisayikilisha okukhuselekileyo ngokwenene, kwaye sizibophelele ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Akukho bullet yesilivere, kodwa kukho indlela eqinisekisiweyo eneziphumo ezinokulinganiswa ukuba sisebenza kwikonsathi.
