Namhlanje sihamba sisiya kumanzi anzongonzongo, apho sifumana izilwanyana zaselwandle zahluke kakhulu kwezo sizibona ziphezu komhlaba. Ezi fom zisisiphumo seenkqubo zokulungelelanisa kubunzulu, zinikwe iimeko ezahlukeneyo apho. Phakathi kwe iintlobo ezinqabileyo ezinjalo yintoni, sizifumana sinayo intlanzi yezibaneLe yintlanzi eboniswe kweli nqaku, kwaye ndiyakuqinisekisa ukuba uya kumangaliswa xa ufunda ngayo. Igama layo lezenzululwazi ngu ICentrophryne spinulosa kwaye uhlala enzulwini ye uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nokukhanya okuphantsi kakhulu.
Ufuna ukwazi zonke iimfihlo Malunga nelanternfish? Funda ngakumbi ukuze ufunde ngakumbi.
Ummandla we-Abyssal
Iintlanzi zolwandle olunzulu zineempawu ezahlukeneyo kuba kufuneka ziqhelane neemeko ezintsha zokusingqongileyo. Phakathi kwazo kukho ukungabikho kwelanga, la uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu lwe-hydrostatic, la ubushushu obuphantsi kunye ukunqongophala kokutyaZonke ezi meko zimbi ngakumbi zibangela ukuba iintlobo ezihlala kwezi nzulu ziphuhlise amalungu ezivumela ukuba zilungelelane kwaye ziphile.
Indawo apho kuhlala iintlanzi zezibane yaziwa njenge indawo ye-abyssopelagic. Ngumcu wolwandle ongaphantsi kwamawaka eemitha ubunzulu kwaye uphawuleka ngokungabikho kokukhanya kwelanga okuthe ngqo. Okusingqongileyo kuyabanda, kukho amanzi phakathi 4 kunye nama-10 ºC kumanqaku amaninzi, kwaye uxinzelelo luphindaphindwa ngamakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nomphezulu. Amandla afika ikakhulu ngohlobo lwe “ikhephu laselwandle” (ukwehla kwamasuntswana aphilayo) kunye nexhoba ngamaxesha athile, ngoko ke amarhamncwa anzulu olwandle lisebenzisa lonke ithuba elivelayo.
Ukuziqhelanisa kule meko, kulungele ukwahlula iindlela ezimbini zokuphila phakathi kweqela elikhulu leentlanzi "ze-flashlight" zomyalelo weLophiiformes: ezo benthic (ehleli ngasemva, esebenzisa i-camouflage) kunye nezo zikhoyo ipelagic (inqunyanyiswe kuluhlu lwamanzi). ICentrophryne spinulosa Inokuvela kwimixholo yomibini, kodwa uphawu oluqhelekileyo luphuhliso lwezakhiwo ezithile zokuzingela ebumnyameni.
Phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba abantu bafikelele kule ndawo ukuze benze izifundo ezibanzi ngokunikwa iimeko ezigqithisileyo, ngoko ke uninzi lolwazi luvela indawo yokubanjwa, iirekhodi nge izithuthi ezisebenza kude kunye nohlalutyo lwemizekelo efunyenwe ngamanethiwekhi anzulu.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Intlanzi yesibane inayo umlinganiselo wama-23 eesentimitha ngobude kwiimazi zolu hlobo. Intloko yayo inkulu kakhulu kwaye imihlathi inkulu njengentloko. Ibe amazinyo amancinci, angaphakathi-gophe ukukwazi ukubamba ixhoba labo kunye nokuthintela ukuphuma kwalo. Iyabonisa isimilo sedimorphism, ngoko ke kulula ukuqaphela indoda nemazi: iinkunzi zincinci kakhulu kwaye kunye ne-morphology elungiselelwe ukufumana kunye nokudibanisa nemazi.
Umbala wesikhumba sayo ujika phakathi kobomvu nomnyama, kwaye inomlinganiselo omkhulu we imiqolo emxinwaIsihlomelo esikufuphi nempumlo saziwa ngokuba ukungabi nayo kwaye iphelela kwisithiyelo (esca). KwiiLophiiformes ezininzi, Ngabasetyhini kuphela abanolu “lutsalelo lukhanyayo”, esebenza njengebango. Ukongeza, banayo a iindevu ze-hyoid nto leyo inceda ukubahlula kwezinye iintlobo.
Ngokuphathelele inyama yayo, inamanzi amaninzi. Ukuba namanzi amaninzi kwizicubu zayo, amathambo akhaphukhaphu kwaye zigqunywe ngumaleko obhityileyo wecalcium carbonate. Umzimba wabo bhetyebhetye kakhulu, ezinomngxuma womlomo kunye nesisu esikwazi ukwanda, sivumela ukuba ziginye amaxhoba zikhulu ngokuphindwe kabini ubukhulu bazo.
Indlela intlanzi yelantern ekhupha ngayo ukukhanya
I-bioluminescence yentlanzi ye-lantern ngenxa yobudlelwane i-symbiotic kunye neebhaktheriya ekwaziyo ukuvelisa ukukhanya. Ezi bhaktheriya, ezifunyenwe kwindawo engqongileyo, zihlala kwindawo esca ye-illicium, kwaye ngokusabela kweekhemikhali bavelisa ukukhanya okubandayo okunokulawulwa ngamandla. Ngembuyekezo, bafumana izondlo yentlanzi kunye nendawo yokuhlala ezinzileyo.
I-illicium "lighthouse" isebenza ngemisebenzi emininzi: isebenza njenge inkohliso yokuzingela (ilinganisa izinto ezincinci ezihambayo), yenza imiqondiso phakathi kwabantu yohlobo olufanayo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, inceda i ukukhanya ngasemva, bexelisa ukukhanya kwamanzi ukuze bafihle i-silhouette yabo kumarhamncwa kunye namaxhoba. Ebumnyameni obupheleleyo, nayiphi na inzuzo ebonakalayo yenza umehluko, kwaye le yenye yezona zilungelelaniso eziyinkimbinkimbi kwizilwanyana.
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintlanzi, illicium yi ukuguqulwa kwereyi yokuqala yephiko lomqolo elihamba lisingise entloko lijike libe yintonga kunye nesithiyelo. KwiiLophiiformes ezininzi, intlanzi inokuhambisa le "hook" ngokuchaneka okukhulu, ichaza iijingi ezincinci ezilinganisa indlela imibungu kunye neecrustaceans.
Indawo yokuhlala kunye nokutya
Ukufumana olu hlobo kufuneka uye kulo uLwandlekazi lwePasifiki ukusuka eBaja California ukuya kumazantsi eZiqithi zeMarquesas kunye neGulf of California. Kwakhona iye yabanjwa emanzini ENueva Guinea, i UMzantsi woLwandle lwase China, Venezuela kunye Ijelo laseMozambiqueOku kuphakamisa usasazo olubanzi kumanzi ashinyeneyo nakweleenjiko, anxulunyaniswa ne ubunzulu obukhulu.
Iintlanzi ezifundiweyo ziye zabanjwa phakathi kwamakhulu ambalwa kunye nesibini samawaka eemitha. Ngenxa yokuba inoluhlu olunzulu lokusabalalisa kunye nemikhwa enzima ukuyiqwalasela, le ntlanzi ibonwe kuphela iphila amaxesha ambalwa ukususela ekuchazeni kwayo. Iirekhodi zinqabile kangangokuba umboniso omtsha ngamnye ubonelela idatha exabisekileyo malunga nebhayoloji yabo.
Ngokuphathelele ukutya kwayo, iphelele odla inyama. Itya iintlanzi ezincinci, ii-crustaceans kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezingenamqolo kokusingqongileyo. Ziingcali zokwenyani kwi ukuzingela ngokulalela: Batsala ixhoba labo nge-illicium kwaye, xa lisondela ngokwaneleyo, bavula umlomo wabo omkhulu kwaye bavelise ukufunxa ngesiquphe ethi ngokoqobo “ifunxa” kuyo. Uyilo lwamazinyo alo lusebenza njenge khangela ivalve ukuthintela ukubaleka.
Ukongeza kwi-elastic emlonyeni, ine-a isisu esinokwandiswa Oku kubavumela ukuba basebenzise ithuba lokubambisa okukhethekileyo kwaye baphile ixesha elide lokunqongophala kokutya. Kwiindawo apho ukutya kufika ngokungalindelekanga, esi sicwangciso singundoqo wokuphila.
Ubukhali ubumnyama, uxinzelelo kunye nokubanda kwenza ezi ntlanzi zidle amandla amancinci kwiintshukumo: zikhetha ukulinda ixesha elifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ziqalise uhlaselo, ziphucula ibhalansi yamandlaKwi-ecosystem enzonzobileyo, badlala indima ye amarhamncwa aphezulu kumlinganiselo omncinci, ukulungisa inani labemi bezinye izinto eziphilayo ezihlala nzulu kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe i-biomass ehla ukusuka phezulu.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona
Xa kufikwa kumba wokuzala, le ntlanzi ayiqhelekanga. Imazi ine-ovary enye kuphela efakwe ngeendlela ezininzi ezifana ne-villi ye-epithelium. Ndinomdla ngakumbi, Inkunzi iba luhlobo “lwesisimfimfithi sesondo” xa udibana nemazi. Xa kujongwa imigama emide kunye nokuxinana kwabantu, indoda inikela ubomi bayo kuyo fumana umfazi, ekhokelwa yimichiza kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo.
Xa uyifumana, ivelisa umanyano ngokulumaKwezinye Lophiiformes, emva anchorage wamazinyo, kukho a ukudibanisa kwezicubu phakathi kwabantu ababini; indoda inciphisa inkqubo yakhe yokwetyisa kunye namalungu, kwaye ixhomekeke kwi ukujikeleza kwegazi kwabasetyhini ukuze bazondle. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwesidoda kwi-clutch yexesha elizayo. Ukuchumisa kuqhelekile ngaphandle: Imazi ikhupha amaqanda ize inkunzi ikhuphe amadlozi ngaxeshanye, aze amaqanda akhule ngokuzimeleyo.
Kuluhlu oluthile oluyeleleneyo, amabhinqa anokuthi ahlaselwe yi-parasite amadoda amaninzi ngexesha elinye, kunye nokulungelelanisa okungaqhelekanga kwe-immunological kuchazwe ukuthintela ukugatywa kwesi "graft" ephilayo. Nangona iinkcukacha zihluka phakathi kweentlobo, indlela eqhelekileyo iyafana: ukwandisa impumelelo yokuzala kwindawo apho ukuzifumana kuye yeyona ngxaki inkulu.
Akufunekanga ubhidaniswe ne-aquarium lanternfish
Kurhwebo lwe-aquarium, "intlanzi ye-lantern" ikwabizwa ngokuba Poropanchax normani (ngokuyinxenye isithethantonye ne Aplocheilichthys normani), uhlobo Amanzi acocekileyo aseAfrika yahluke kakhulu enzonzobileni ICentrophryne spinulosaLe ntlanzi encinci ye malunga ne-4,5 cm, ngokuziphatha okunoxolo nokuhlalisana, uhlala kuyo imilambo, imilambo nemifula kunye nokwenza izikolo ezisebenzayo. Inyamezela kakuhle ukwahluka kobulukhuni kunye ne-pH, uhlala e 24–26 ºC kwaye ityisa njenge omnivore ye-brine shrimp kunye nokutya kwezorhwebo.
Amehlo akhe abonisa a ukubonakalisa okwesibhakabhaka ihlaba kakhulu (kungoko igama eliqhelekileyo). Igcinwa kwii-aquariums ukusuka 80 litros ngokuhluzwa kakuhle, ioksijini, kunye nezityalo ezininzi. Ayinanto yakwenza nelophiiformes enzonzobileni ngaphandle kwesiteketiso esidumileyo; yiyo loo nto ibalulekile yahlula zombini xa uthetha nge "lantern fish".
Umnqweno wentlanzi yelanteni
Nangona ihlala enzulwini, le ntlanzi iyachatshazelwa ngabantu. Kwi-gastronomy yokutya kwaselwandle, ezinye iintlobo zaziwa ngokuba yi "lantern fish" okanye izalamane ezisondeleyo (ezifana neeLophiiformes ezithile eziselunxwemeni kunye neemyctophids, ezikwayibioluminescent) zinokuvela izitya zengingqiKwimeko yezidalwa ze-byssal yangempela, ukubanjwa kwazo ngokuthe ngqo okhethekileyo ngenxa yobunzima bobugcisa kunye nokuxinana kwabantu abaphantsi.
Ukuvela kwayo ngamaxesha athile kumphezulu Isenokunxulunyaniswa kwezinye iimeko kwiziganeko zolwandle ezifana El Niño, eguqula imisinga kunye namaqondo obushushu, ukuvelisa ukufa okubonakalayo kunye neziganeko ezinqabileyo. Ukongeza, i iasidi yolwandle kunye nezinye iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu zitshintsha ubume bemekobume obunzulu, kunye neziphumo inzululwazi esazilungisayo.
Ngokunikwa kweemeko ezigwenxa ekuhlala kuzo i-lanternfish, ukubamba ezi sampuli kuba yinto enzima ngokwenene ebantwini. Yimizekelo engama-25 kuphela efakiweyo. ekubeni uhlobo lufunyenwe. Ngaphandle koku, luhlobo oludumileyo ngenxa yalo Iimpawu ezizodwa. Uphuculo lobuchwephesha kwi izithuthi eziphantsi kwamanzi, abenzi boluvo kunye nesampulu engonakalisi iya kusivumela ukuba sandise ulwazi lwethu ngaphandle kokulimaza indalo.
Akunjalo kuphela iintlanzi ze-lantern ezinobudlelwane kunye neebhaktheriya ze-bioluminescent, kodwa zikhona iintlobo ezininzi zihlobene namalungu akhazimlayo emizimba yawo ukuze ashukume, ondle, kwaye azane. Kwi-Lophiiformes, oku kukhanya kungundoqo unxibelelwano lwe-intraspecific nakwimpumelelo yokuzingela.
Njengedatha eyongezelelweyo ehlabayo kakhulu ngaphakathi komyalelo weLophiiformes: kwezinye genera ezifana Ceratias, abafazi banokubamba ukuya kutsho kwisithandathu samadoda idibene ziye zachazwa ukulungelelaniswa kwe-immune system kumadoda athanda oku kudityaniswa; kwaye kukho iintlobo ezinkulu ezifana Ceratias holboelli, ekwazi ukudlula imitha enye ubude, nangona i-protagonist yeli nqaku incinci kakhulu. Kwakhona inika umdla ubudlelwane bayo kunye dlwengulo umthengisi weentlanzi (Lophius piscatorius), iLophiiforme eselunxwemeni engenawo illicium yebhayoluminescent njengoko iphuhliswe njengaleyo yenzulu yolwandle, kodwa imorphology efanayo yentloko nomlomo.
Olu khenketho lubonisa isilwanyana esingaqhelekanga esibonisa iindlela ezichanekileyo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo: i-symbiotic bioluminescence, ukuzingela ngobuqili kunye nenkohliso yakhe; i-dimorphism ngokwesondo ngokugqithisileyo kunye nephysiology eyilelwe imida yokuhlala. Ukugcina iindawo zabo zokuhlala enzonzobileni yolwandle kunye nokukhuthaza uphando olunenkathalo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ngcono iyantlukwano efihliweyo zolwandle.
