Iilwandle zigubungela ngaphezulu kwe-70% yomphezulu weplanethi kwaye zifihla a iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nje ezimangalisayo zeentlobo zaselwandleUkususela kwiintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo ukuya kutsho kwiminenga ezuba ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-30, ubomi elwandle buye bahlukahlukana kangangeebhiliyoni zeminyaka, buphenjelelwa yityuwa, uxinzelelo, ubumnyama nemisinga.
Ukuqonda ezi zinto ziphilayo ngokweenkcukacha ayisiyonto nje yokufuna ukwazi: kusisiseko ukukhusela i-ecosystem eethe-ethe efana neingqaqa, amadlelo engca yolwandle, amathafa anzonzobila okanye amanxweme anamatyekunye nokulawula ukuloba, ukufuywa emanzini, kunye nezinye izinto ezenziwa ngabantu ezixhomekeke elwandle. Ngezantsi uya kufumana isikhokelo esibanzi, esilungiselelwe ngamaqela amakhulu, abandakanya imizekelo ethile yeentlobo, uluhlu olusemthethweni, iiprojekthi zolondolozo, kunye neenkcukacha eziphambili zenzululwazi.
Ubomi beMicroscopic elwandle
Ubuninzi bezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle zenziwe iimicroorganisms zaselwandle: ibhaktheriya, i-archaea, iintsholongwane, i-microalgae, iiprotisti kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci zincinci kakhulu kangangokuba azibonwa ekuqaleni, kodwa ngaphandle kokuba inkqubo iya kuwa.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngeenxa zonke I-70% ye-biomass yolwandle ihambelana neprokaryotes (iibhaktheriya kunye ne-archaea). Ezi ntsholongwane zifumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iikona zolwandle: amanzi aphezu komhlaba, iintsika zamanzi anzulu, intlenga, amatye angaphantsi kolwandle, naphantsi komkhenkce weAntarctic.
Los iintsholongwane zaselwandle Ininzi i-bacteriophages eyosulela ibhaktheriya kunye nezinye ii-microbes. Ngokutshabalalisa ezi seli, zikhulula izinto eziphilayo ezondla i-algae entsha kunye neebhaktheriya, ziqhuba oko kwaziwa ngokuba yimpompo yebhayoloji, indlela ethi ikhabhoni ekugqibeleni igcinwe kulwandle olunzulu.
Phakathi kweqela leeukaryotes ezincinci, ezi zilandelayo zivelele: abadlali baselwandleIiprotisti ziluhlobo lokubamba-zonke ezibandakanya izinto eziphilayo zohlobo lwe "plant" (photosynthetic autotrophs), uhlobo "lwezilwanyana" (i-heterotrophs edlayo), uhlobo lwe "fungus" (saprotrophs), kunye ne-mixotrophs edibanisa izicwangciso. Amagcisa amaninzi ayinxalenye yephytoplankton kunye ne zooplankton kwaye enza isiseko sekhonkco lokutya.
Ecaleni kwabo sifumana ulwahlulo olukhulu i-microfungi, i-microalgae kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci zaselwandle ezifana neerotifers, nematodes, tardigrades, okanye iicrustaceans ezincinci. Ukuza kuthi ga mva nje, iyantlukwano yabo ibicingelwa ukuba iphakathi, kodwa izifundo ze-DNA yokusingqongileyo elwandle, i-hydrothermal vents, kunye ne-sediments zityhila okukhulu, okwangoku kungachazwanga, uluntu.
IPlankton: Injini engabonakaliyo yezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle
Igama elithi plankton libandakanya yonke into izinto eziphilayo ezingakwaziyo ukudada kumsinga kwaye zithwalwa ziintshukumo zamanzi, nokuba kuselwandle, elwandle okanye kumanzi elizwekazi.
El ezinamanzi amnyama Iquka i-cyanobacteria (eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-blue-green algae), i-diatoms, i-dinoflagellates, i-coccolithophores, i-euglenoids, i-cryptomonads, i-chrysophytes, i-chlorophytes, i-prasinophytes, kunye namanye amaqela e-microscopic algae. Xa bebonke benza umlinganiselo omkhulu wephotosynthesis yeplanethi, enokuthelekiswa okanye enkulu kunaleyo yawo onke amahlathi asemhlabeni.
El zooplankton Yenziwe ngeprotozoa (i-foraminifera, i-radiolarians, i-heterotrophic dinoflagellates) kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci kunye ne-macroscopic ezifana ne-gelatinous cnidarians, i-ctenophores, i-chaetognaths (i-arrow worms), i-mollusks encinci, i-crustaceans (i-copepods, i-krill), i-urochordate ye-nursbrate kunye ne-fish lar.
Izilwanyana ezininzi ezinkulu, kuquka Iintlanzi zorhwebo, iminenga etyisayo, kunye neentaka zolwandleZixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwiplankton njengomthombo wazo wokuqala wokutya. Emva koko, utshintsho ekubunjweni kweplankton okanye ubuninzi buchaphazela yonke iwebhu yokutya.
Kwinqanaba labo lobutsha, izilwanyana ezininzi zaselwandle ziyadlula izigaba zeplanktonic (amaqanda, imibungu, ukuzala okanye abantwana be-pelagic)Oku kuzivumela ukuba zisasazeke phakathi kweendawo ezikude ngokwejografi phambi kokuba zihlale kulwandle okanye elunxwemeni.
I-algae kunye nezityalo zaselwandle
I-algae kunye nezityalo zaselwandle zenza "amahlathi" angaphantsi kwamanzi abonelela ngesakhiwo, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nokutya kweentlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana. Kwimekobume yaselwandle sifumana i-macroalgae eluhlaza, emdaka kunye nebomvu, kunye ne-phanerogams yolwandle (izityalo zentyatyambo eziqhelaniswe namanzi anetyuwa).
KwiiCanary Islands, umzekelo, kukho uluhlu olusemthethweni olupheleleyo kunye Ininzi yeentlobo ze-algae ezinamagama aqhelekileyo kunye nesayensi: ukusuka "kwi-lettuce yolwandle" (Ulva spp.), “yellow mujo” (Cystoseira abies-marina), “ieletisi zaselwandle” (Anadyomene, IMicrodictyon), “isargassum eqhelekileyo” (Sargassum vulgare), “ukugqabhuka kwelanga” (Fucus spirals) okanye i-algae ebomvu njenge "coral ebomvu" (Galaxaura rugosa) kunye nee "gelids" ezahlukeneyo (ijelidium spp.).
Kwintshona yeMeditera kunye nonxweme lwaseAndalusian kunye neValencian, oku kulandelayo kuluphawu: amadlelo engca yolwandle njengaye I-Posidonia oceanica, ICymodocea nodosa y Zostera noltiingokunjalo Halophila decipiens kumazantsi anesanti. La madlelo azinzisa intlenga, amaza amanzi, abambe iCO₂ kwaye asebenze njengendawo yokugcina iintlanzi ezingenakubalwa kunye nee-invertebrates.
Kuluntu lwaseValencian, iinkqubo ezithile ziyakhuthazwa velisa kwakhona kwaye uvelise kwakhona iintlobo eziphambili ezifana neeurchins zaselwandle IParacentrotus lividus y Arbacia lixula, enxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo namadlelo kunye namazantsi amatye, kunye novavanyo lokuzalanisa olulingwayo kwiimeko ezilawulwayo kunye nokubekwa kweliso okulandela kokusingqongileyo kwendalo.
Engaphezulu kwe Iindidi ezingama-150 ze-algae kunye nobuncinci i-3 phanerogams zaselwandle, ezinxulunyaniswa neendawo ezingama-60 ezahlukeneyo zebhayotiki, ezinika umbono wokutyeba okukhulu kweentyatyambo kwiMeditera yaseSpain xa kufundwe ngokweenkcukacha.
Cnidarians: jellyfish, corals kunye anemones
I-Cnidarians yi-phylum yasemanzini kuphela ebandakanya ngaphezu kwe-10.000 yeentlobo ze-jellyfish, i-corals, i-anemones kunye ne-hydrozoansZibonakaliswa ngama-cnidocytes, iiseli ezihlabayo apho zibamba amaxhoba okanye zizikhusele.
Isicwangciso somzimba wayo esisisiseko sineendlela ezimbini: i ijellyfish yokuqubha kunye i-polyp epholileyoZombini zine-radial symmetry, umlomo ojikelezwe ziintente, kunye nokuvula okukodwa okusetyenziselwa ukutya kunye nokugxotha inkunkuma. Umzimba ulungelelaniswe kwiiseli ezimbini ezahlulwe yi-gelatinous mesoglea.
"Itumato yolwandle" yaziwa kakhulu kumanxweme aseSpain naseCanary Island.Actinia equine), “ukuncanca” (I-Anemonia sulcata), “ikorale e-orenji” (Dendrophyllia isifo), ezahlukeneyo iigorgoni ezimhlophe nezibomvu njengaye Eunicella verrucosa y Leptogorgia spp., okanye into ecaphukisayo”ijellyfish (Pelagia noctiluca)”, onoxanduva lokuhlaba okuninzi kwabahlambi.
Las ijellyfish enkulu njengaye i-rhizostoma pulmo okanye i-portuguese caravel (I-Physalia physalis(ngokobuchwepheshe i-siphonophore ye-colonial) inokubangela iingxaki zempilo ezinzulu. Le yokugqibela, eneentente zayo ezinde, ezizele yityhefu, inokubangela ukusabela okuqatha kakhulu ukuba umntu uyabandakanyeka kuzo.
Ukwakha iikorale, zombini amanzi ashushu nabandayo (Lophelia pertusa, Madrepora oculata), Bavelisa iindawo zokuhlala ezintsonkothileyo ezinomacala amathathu apho iintlanzi, iicrustaceans, izipontshi, iibryozoans kunye nenkitha yezilwanyana ezingenamqolo zibalekela khona, zisebenza "njengezixeko eziphantsi kwamanzi" zokwenyani.
Iziponji, iibryozoans, kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezingenamqolo
Iziponji (phylum Porifera) zi izilwanyana zakudala kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezicubu zokwenyani okanye amalungu ahlukeneyoezihluza izixa ezikhulu zamanzi ngemingxunya yazo ukuze zibambe amasuntswana okutya. Iintlobo ezininzi zenza ubudlelwane be-symbiotic kunye ne-microalgae okanye ibhaktheriya ye-photosynthetic.
Kunxweme lwethu, "isipontshi sokuhlambela" sixhaphakile (spongia officinalis), “isipontshi esimthubi” (Verongia aerophobia), “isiponji sobuchopho” (Corallistes nolitangere), iziponji ezineempondo zohlobo Axinella okanye “isipontshi sesonka” (suberites domuncula), edla ngokuhlala kumaqokobhe oononkala.
Los iibryozoans zaselwandle njengaye Myriapora truncata (into ebizwa ngokuba “yikorale yobuxoki”) okanye Reteporella grimaldii (iVenus lace) zenza iikholoni ezinamasebe okanye iileyisi ezigquma amatye, i-algae, kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezinegalelo kubuntsokotha bendawo yokuhlala.
IMeditera yaseSpain nayo inentabalala i-ascidians kunye nezinye iitunicates, njengoko Ascidia mentula, IHalocynthia papillosa okanye "i-carnation yolwandle" UClavelina lepadiformisNangona ekuqaleni zibukeka njengezityalo okanye i-gelatinous sacs, ziyi-chordates ezinxulumene ne-vertebrates.
La maqela e-sessile angundoqo kwiindawo zokuhlala ezifana ne-coralligenous reefs, imiqolomba ephantsi kwamanzi, kunye neendawo ezinzulu zamatye, apho zibonelela ngekhusi, amanzi okucoca, kunye Balungisa i-carbon kunye ne-calcium kwizakhiwo zabo.
I-Echinoderms: i-starfish, i-urchins yolwandle, kunye ne-cucumber yolwandle
I-Echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata) liqela lolwandle kuphela elibandakanya iinkwenkwezi zolwandle, iiurchins zolwandle, brittle stars, iikomkomere zaselwandle kunye neecrinoids (flatworms)Abantu abadala babonisa i-pentaradial symmetry kunye ne-calcareous skeleton yangaphakathi.
Iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ziye zabhalwa kunxweme lwaseCanary, ezifana ne "captain's starfish" (Asterina gibbosa), “inkwenkwezi yaseCanary” (Narcissia canariensis), “inkwenkwezi ekwalatha” (UMarthasterias glacialis), “inkwenkwezi yegazi” (Henricia enegazi) okanye iihedgehogs ezifana ne “hedgehog” enespina elide (Diadema antillarum), “icachero hedgehog” (Arbacia lixula) okanye ihedgehog etyiwayo "engenanwele" (IParacentrotus lividus).
Los iikomkomere zolwandle (holothurians) njengaye Holothuria sanctori, H. forskali o H. i-tubular Ziyakwazi ukurisayikilisha kwakhona kwentlenga: ziginya isanti kunye ne-organic detritus, zetyise izinto eziphilayo kwaye zibuyisele i-substrate eneoksijini ngakumbi kwaye yakhiwe.
Iinkwenkwezi ezinqabileyo (Ophiothrix fragilis, I-Ophioderma longicauda, Ophiocomina nigra) kunye neehedgehogs ezinjengentliziyo I-Spatangus purpureus o Echinocardium cordatum Bakwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi bioturbation kunye nokulingana koluntu lwe-benthic.
Umthamo we ukuvuselelwa kwelungu kunye nezicubu Kwiintlobo ezininzi ze-starfish kunye namakhukhamba olwandle, zenze iimodeli zakudala zophando kwi-biology yokuvuselela kunye nophuhliso.
Iimollusk zaselwandle kunye noluhlu olukhulu lwengingqi
I-phylum Mollusca yenye yezona zihlukeneyo elwandle, nge amawaka eentlobo zeenkumba, i-limpets, i-bivalves, i-octopus, i-squid kunye ne-slugs yolwandleKwiiCanary Islands kukho uluhlu olupheleleyo lwamagama eelwimi zomthonyama abhalwe yiCanarian Academy of Language ngaphezu kwe-160 yeentlobo ze "mollusks kunye nezidalwa ezinxulumene".
Phakathi kwee-bivalves, "i-warty clam" ivelele (Warty Venus), "unqakrazo oluqhelekileyo" (Acanthocardia tuberculata), “iimbatyisi” (Spondylus senegalensis), “iqhina lolwandle” (Pteria hirundo) okanye “ikama yolwandle” (I-Pinna rudis). Phakathi kwe-gastropods, "i-limpets" zininzi (UPatella spp.), i “burgado” (Osilinus atrata), amaqokobhe okuhombisa afana “neporcelain” (Erosaria spurca, Iphirum yeZonaria) okanye “iicones” ezinetyhefu (Conus spp.).
Ngaphakathi kweqela le-cephalopod sifumana i ingwane eqhelekileyo (I-Octopus vulgaris), i “fabiana” (I-Octopus macropus), njengeskwidi Loligo vulgaris, Loligo forbesii kunye "neetapile" ezahlukeneyo (Illex coindetii, Todarodes sagittatus, Sthenoteuthis pteropus), kunye ne-cuttlefish okanye i-cuttlefish (sepia officinalis, Sepia bertheloti).
Las iislugs zolwandle (nudibranchs kunye nezinye opisthobranchs) Bakha isahluko esahlukileyo: iintlobo ezinjenge Hypselodoris picta webbi, I-Plocamopherus maderae, Peltodoris astromaculata (edumileyo "inkomo yaseSwitzerland") okanye ezahlukeneyo Taringa y Aldisa Zidla ngokubonakala kwizikhokelo zokuntywila ngenxa yemibala yazo emangalisayo kunye neemilo.
Ezinye iimollusk zepelagic ezifana ne IArgonaut (Argonaut argo), “umoya” (I-Spirula spirula) okanye iinkumba ezidadayo zodidi UJanthina Babonisa ukulungelelaniswa okukhethekileyo kokuhlala elwandle oluvulekileyo, ngokubambisana ngokusondeleyo ne-jellyfish, i-siphonophores, kunye nobuninzi be-sargassum.
Iicrustaceans kunye nezinye ii-arthropods zaselwandle
Iiarthropods zaselwandle zibandakanya uluhlu olukhulu kakhulu iicrustaceans: oononkala, iilobster, shrimp, galatheas, barnacles, copepods, krill kunye nezinye ezininzi.Kwinqanaba lengingqi, njengakwiZiqithi zaseCanary, amagama alungelelaniswe malunga neentlobo ezilikhulu.
Eminye imizekelo “sisigcawu sokutya kwaselwandle” (Percnon gibbesi), oononkala be-hermit bohlobo Dardanus y Pagurus, “unonkala ukumkani” (I-Calappa granulata), “unonkala oyimole” (Albunea caarabus), “iinkumbi zaseAfrika” (Palinurus elephas), iikreyifishi ezinamabala okanye iilobster ezityibilikayo (I-Scyllarus arctus, I-Scyllarides latus), “icarabinero” (Aristaeopsis edwardsiana) okanye i-shrimp ecocekileyo (Lysmata setiaudata).
Uninzi lwezi rhafu ziphindaphindwa kwiMeditera, kwaye ezinye ezifana ne "velvet crab" zongezwa.Necora puber), “ikreyifishi yaseYurophu” (Homarus gammarus), oononkala basemarsh (Afruca tangeri), iibharnacles (I-Pollicipes ye-pollicipes) okanye i-acorns (Balanus, Megabalanus, Perforatus).
Iicrustaceans ezininzi zigcina Ubudlelwane obumangalisayo be-symbiotic: anemone shrimp (Thor amboinensis), i-shrimp ehambelana ne-gorgonians, iziponji okanye i-ascidians, okanye ama-crabs amancinci ahlala ngaphakathi kwe-mussels kunye nezinye i-bivalves, ezifana I-Pinnotheres ipisum.
Kumanzi angaphakathi eSpain sikwafumana iicrustaceans ezifana ne unonkala wemveli (IAustropotamobius pallipes) okanye unonkala obomvu waseMelika (Procambarus clarkii), ezithi, nangona zingekho elwandle, zivele kwizikhokelo ezidibeneyo kwizilwanyana zasemanzini.
Iintshulube zaselwandle kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezingenamqolo
Zihlala kumhlaba wolwandle, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinesanti kunye nodaka. iintshulube ezininzi, iipolychaetes, kunye namanye amaqela eentshulube eziya zingaqatshelwa.
Imizekelo ephawulekayo ibandakanya “ifireworm” (Hermodice carunculata), “common minnow” (I-Perinereis cultifera), “iintsiba zolwandle” zolu luhlu USabella y Iprotula, “umbungu womthi” (Lanice conchilega), “umbungu” (Eurythoe complanata) okanye “umbungu wespaghetti” (Eupolymnia nebulosa), zonke zinemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwintlenga yokufaka umoya kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto eziphilayo.
Phakathi kweentshulube zepelagic, ezi zilandelayo zibalaseleyo: i-chaetognaths okanye iintshulube (Sagitta macrocephala, Sagitta lyra, Krohnitta pacifica), amarhamncwa ahlala elubala ayinxalenye yezooplankton kwaye asebenza njengokutya kweentlanzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Kwaye akufanele silibale amaqela afana ne iibryozoans, iibrachiopods, kunye neforaminiferaUninzi lwezi negalelo kwi-calcareous shells zabo ekubunjweni kwentlenga kunye namatye (i-limestone, i-marl) kwaye ishiya irekhodi ecebileyo yefosili enceda ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwembali yeelwandle.
Iintlanzi zaselwandle: iyantlukwano kunye noluhlu lwengingqi
Iintlanzi lelona qela lahlukeneyo lezilwanyana zaselwandle: ngaphezu 33.000 echazwe iintlobo, ezinye 20.000 kuzo zaselwandleZahlulahlulwe zaba ziintlanzi ezinamathambo (Osteichthyes), intlanzi yecartilaginous (Chondrichthyes), kunye namaqela angenamihlathi angaphezulu njengehagfish kunye nezibane. Umbuzo oqhelekileyo ngulo ihlala ixesha elingakanani intlanzi.
I-anatomy eqhelekileyo yentlanzi ye-bony ibandakanya ithambo lamathambo, i-operculum egquma iigill, isinyi sokuqubha, kunye nenkqubo yezikali eyenza inxalenye yamathambo ayo edermal. Amaphiko abonelela ngokuqhubeleka, ukuzinza, kunye nokushukumiseka; uninzi lune-homocercal caudal fin kunye nomlomo wetheminali oshukumayo, ngokuchaneka okukhulu ekubambeni ixhoba.
Kwimpuma yeAtlantiki kunye neZiqithi zaseCanary kukho uluhlu olukhulu lwe Iindidi ezingama-354 de peces izilwanyana zaselwandle ezinamagama aqhelekileyo aqhelekileyo: ukusuka kwizilwanyana ezizingelayo ezifana negrouper, i-amberjack, i-silverside okanye i-barracudas, ukuya kwi-shark (ookrebe abakhulu abamhlophe, ookrebe abakhulu abamhlophe, i-thresher sharks, i-whale sharks), imisebe (i-stingrays, i-manta ray, i-guitarfish, i-ray-rays, imisebe yombane) okanye i-curiosities efana ne-moonfish.Mola mola), icala lesilivere (URegalecus glesne) okanye isable emnyama (Aphanopus carbo), okanye umonfish.
Kulwandle lweMeditera kunye nonxweme lwaseAndalusi kunye neValencian, iintlobo zeempawu ezifana ne igolide (I-Sparus aurata), i-sargo, i-salema, i-herrera, i-mullets ebomvu, i-croakers, i-dentex, i-snappers, i-horse mackerel, i-bonito, i-sierra mackerel, i-tuna enkulu okanye i-gobies encinci kunye ne-blennies ehlala kumachibi aphakathi, i-seagrass meadows kunye ne-rock bottoms.
Phakathi kweentlanzi ze-cartilaginous, ezi zilandelayo zivelele: ookrebe kunye nemithaUkrebe omhlophe owoyikekayo (ICarcharodon carchariasKubonakala ngokungaqhelekanga, kwaye kukho iimeko ze ukuhlaselwa kookrebe, ngelixa iintlobo ezifana nokrebe oluhlaza (I-Prionace glauca), i-tope sharks, i-catsharks encinci, i-black sharks okanye i-grunts ixhaphake kakhulu. Uninzi lwazo ngoku lusongelwa ngokunzulu kukuloba ngokugqithisileyo nokubanjiswa.
Iintlanzi ezingenamihlathi, njenge ihagfish evelisa amafinyila Okanye izibane, zimele imigca yamandulo enceda ukuqonda imvelaphi yendalo yezilwanyana ezinomqolo, nangona kwindawo engqongqo yaselwandle ubukho babo bungaphantsi kumanzi anzulu okanye aguqukayo.
Izilwanyana ezanyisayo, oofudo kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezinkulu zaselwandle
Ngaphaya kweentlanzi, kukho ulwandle izilwanyana zaselwandle (i-cetaceans, i-pinnipeds, i-sirenians) kunye nezirhubuluzi zaselwandle ezithe zabuyela kwindawo yasemanzini ukusuka kwizinyanya zasemhlabeni.
IiCetaceans ziquka iminenga yebaleen (iminenga eyokugqibela, iminenga eblue, iminenga ene-humpback) kunye neminenga enamazinyo (iminenga yamasperm, imilomo yemilomo, amahlengesi, iminenga ebulalayo, iminenga eyi-pilot). Iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zibhalwe kumanzi aseSpain naseMacaronesian. isperm whale (Umzimba we-macrocephalus), umnenga oqhelekileyo (Balaenoptera physalus), i-humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), idolphin eqhelekileyo (Delphinus delphis), idolphin enemigca (Stenella coeruleoalbaidolphin (IiTursiops truncatus), umnenga ongumbulali wobuxoki (Pseudorca crassidens), iminenga enemilomo nguCuvier, Blainville, Gervais, True, njl.
Phakathi kwe-pinnipeds, olona hlobo luphawu lwendawo yase-Iberia monk seal (monachus monachus), esinye sezona zilwanyana zanyisayo ezisemngciphekweni wokuphela ehlabathini, ezinabemi abambalwa kakhulu abasasazeke phakathi kwempuma yeMeditera, impuma yeAtlantiki kunye neenclaves zaseMacaronesia.
Las Ufudo lwaselwandle Zizirhubuluzi eziqhele ulwandle ezifika kuphela elunxwemeni ukuze zizalele amaqanda azo. Ubuncinci zine iintlobo ezirekhodiweyo emanzini ethu: i-loggerhead turtle (Inkathalo), ufudo oluluhlaza (Iichelonia mydas), ufudo lwehawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) kunye nofudo olukhulu lwesikhumba (I-dermochelys coriaceaAbantu babo bathwaxwa kukubanjwa ngempazamo, ukutya iiplastikiukungqubana neenqanawa kunye nokulahleka kolwandle oluzalela.
Kuluntu lwaseValencian, umzekelo, kukho a inkqubo yokubuyisela ufudo lolwandle kunye nezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle ezichatshazelwa kukulobaIlawulwa ngokudibeneyo ngurhulumente wengingqi, iOceanogràfic Foundation, kunye nemibutho yabalobi. Xa ukuxinga okanye ukubanjwa ngengozi kwenzeka, inombolo ye-112 kaxakeka kunye nenethiwekhi yokuxinga iyasebenza.
Iiprojekthi ezithile nazo ziphuhliselwa amahashe olwandle (Ihippocampus yehippocampus y H. guttulatus) kunye neekorale zonxweme, ukuqokelela iisampulu ezibanjiswe kwizixhobo zokuloba, ukuzihlaziya nokuzibuyisela kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo ebezifundisiwe ngaphambili.
Iindawo ezinezityalo ezininzi zaselwandle eSpeyin
Unxweme lwaseSpain lunomdla ngakumbi kuba lusebenza njenge indawo yenguqu yebhayografi phakathi kweAtlantiki epholileyo, iMeditera kunye namanzi aphantsi kwetropiki kumntla-ntshona weAfrika.Oku kudala i-mosaic yeAtlantiki, iMeditera, itropikhi, kunye neentlobo ezihlala zikho.
Kwiphondo laseMalaga, umzekelo, enye yezona ndawo zibalaseleyo zolwandle olwahlukeneyo lwaseYurophu lufunyanwa: Ngaphezulu kweentlobo ze-100 zeentaka zaselwandle okanye iintaka zasemanzini, izityalo ezingama-30 eziselunxwemeni, iicetaceans eziyi-15, iifudo zolwandle ezine, iiphanerogam ezintathu zolwandle, iintlanzi ezingama-200, ii-invertebrates ezingama-500 zaselwandle kunye ne-algae eyi-150.Uninzi lwayo lunxulunyaniswa nenkqubo yendalo enjengamawa, amagxobhozo, iinkqubo zeendunduma, iindawo ezihlala kwii-coralligenous, kunye namadlelo engca yolwandle.
KwiZiqithi zaseCanary, kwenziwe umsebenzi wokulinganisa amagama aqhelekileyo we ialgae, cnidarians, crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, intlanzi, izityalo zaselwandle, iifudo kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayoukuvelisa ireferensi eluncedo kakhulu kwimfundo yokusingqongileyo, ukufikelela eluntwini kunye nolawulo lwemithombo.
Ezi khathalogu aziququzeleli nje unxibelelwano phakathi kwezazinzulu, abalobi kunye noluntu, kodwa zikwanceda ukufumanisa ngokukhawuleza utshintsho kwiindawo zebhayolojiukwaziswa kweentlobo ezihlaselayo, ukuhla kweentlobo zorhwebo, okanye ukunyamalala kwezinto eziphilayo ezinovakalelo.
Ukhuseleko lomthetho kunye neenkqubo zolondolozo lwezilwanyana zaselwandle
Ulondolozo lwezityalo nezilwanyana zaselwandle eSpeyin kuxhaswa yinkqubo-sikhokelo yomthetho eyomeleleyo. Umthetho wama-42/2007 kwiLifa leMveli yeNdalo kunye neZityalo ezahlukeneyo kunye Ummiselo wasebukhosini 139/2011 Balawula uLuhlu lweZilwanyana zasendle phantsi koKhuseleko oluKhethekileyo kunye noluhlu lweZilwanyana eziseMngciphekweni, kubandakanywa iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zaselwandle.
Iiodolo ezilandelayo ezifana ne AAA/1771/2015 kunye AAA/75/2012 Bachaza ukuba yeyiphi irhafu exhamla ukhuseleko olukhulu kunye nendlela imeko yabo yolondolozo kufuneka ihlolwe ngayo ngamaxesha, ukuthintela izenzo ezibenzakalisayo. Ezi ziquka ufudo lwaselwandle, iicetaceans, seal, ezinye iintaka zaselwandle, nookrebe abahlukahlukeneyo nemitha.
Kwinqanaba lommandla, imithetho efana ne UMTHETHO 5/2017 malunga nokuLoba eLwandle kunye ne-Aquaculture yoLuntu lwaseValencia Bamisela iinjongo ezicacileyo: ukukhusela iindawo zokuloba, ukulondoloza ubuncwane bebhayoloji yaselwandle kunye nokuqinisekisa uxhatshazo oluzinzileyo ngokwembono yokusingqongileyo, ezoqoqosho nezentlalo.
Oku kuguqulela kwi iinkqubo ezithile zokubeka iliso, ukubuyisela kwakhona kunye nolawulo lwamashishini okuloba: izifundo ngebhayoloji yokuzala yengwane eqhelekileyo (I-Octopus vulgaris) kumanzi aseValencian, iiprothokholi zentsebenziswano kunye nabalobi ukunika ingxelo yokubonwa kwee-cetaceans kunye nokusebenzisana nezixhobo zokuloba, okanye amaziko okubuyisela izilwanyana zaselwandle apho iifudo, iidolphin kunye nezinye iintlobo ezikhuselweyo zinyamekelwa.
Ngokunxuseneyo, iiprojekthi zenzululwazi ezifana nokudalwa kweemephu zehlabathi zempembelelo yomntu kwi-ecosystems yaselwandle kunye nezifundo ngokuncipha kokubekw' esweni kweentaka zaselwandle zinceda ukulinganisa ukuwohloka kweelwandle kunye nokubeka phambili amanyathelo olawulo.
Zonke ezi nzame zomthetho, ezenzululwazi kunye nentsebenziswano kunye necandelo lokuloba zijolise ekukhuseleni ukuhlukahluka okungaqhelekanga kwee-microorganisms, i-algae, i-invertebrates, intlanzi, izilwanyana ezincelisayo kunye nezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ezihlala elwandle njengeMeditera, i-Iberian Atlantic okanye i-Canary Islands amanzi. ukuze ikwazi ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kwaye iguquke kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ukugcina iinkonzo ze-ecosystem apho, nokuba siyathanda okanye asithandi, sixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo.