Kubukhulu beelwandle, imilambo kunye neelwandle, i intlanzi emathambo (osteichthyes) benza elona qela likhulu nelona lahlukeneyo lezilwanyana zasemanzini. Ezi zidalwa zibangel’ umdla zineemilo, ubukhulu, nemibala eyahlukahlukeneyo ngendlela emangalisayo, yaye zikho kuzo zonke iindawo ezihlala emanzini ezikwesi sijikelezi-langa, ukususela kumanzi abandayo abandayo ukusa kowona mmandla unzulu wolwandle. Kodwa yintoni ngokwenene ebachazayo neyabahlula kwamanye amaqela? de peces, ezifana necartilaginous okanye umhlathi? Ngeli nqaku, siphonononga nzulu Iimpawu, ukuhlelwa, imizekelo, kunye nomahluko ophambili phakathi kweentlanzi zethambo kunye ne-cartilaginous, kunye nezinto ezincinci ezinomdla malunga nebhayoloji kunye nokuziqhelanisa.
Yintoni intlanzi emathambo?
Los intlanzi emathambo, ngokwenzululwazi eyaziwa ngokuba IiOsteichthyes, yenza iqela le ii-gnathostome vertebrates (oko kukuthi, ixhotyiswe imihlathi ecacileyo) uphawu oluphambili bubukho be amathambo angaphakathi yenziwe ikakhulu yi ithambo elibaliweyo, ngokungafaniyo neentlanzi ze-cartilaginous, i-skeleton yayo iguquguqukayo kwaye yenziwe nge-cartilage. Ngaphaya koko, banokuqhelana kakhulu nobomi basemanzini, kunye neenkcukacha ze-anatomical kunye ne-physiological ekhethekileyo kwizilwanyana.
Eli qela libandakanya uninzi lweentlanzi ezikhoyo zombini amanzi amatsha njengaye ityuwa. Ixhaphakile into yokuba iintlanzi zisetyenziswe ngabantu (ezifana nesalmon, icarp, ityhuna, okanye i-sea bream) ukuba zibe ziintlanzi ezinamathambo, njengoko zininzi iintlobo ze-aquarium ezihonjisiweyo.
Xa uhlula iintlanzi, amaqela amathathu amakhulu ahlulwa:
- Iintlanzi zeBony (Osteichthyes): Amathambo amathambo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentlobo.
- Iintlanzi zeCartilaginous (Chondrichthyes): I-Cartilage skeleton, umzekelo ookrebe, imitha kunye nemitha ye-manta.
- Intlanzi engenamihlathi (Agnatha): Iqela elincinci, elifana nezibane kunye ne-hagfish, ebonakaliswe ngokungabikho kwemihlathi kunye nokubonakala okude.
Udidi lweentlanzi ezingamathambo
Ulwahlulo lwenzululwazi yeentlanzi ezingamathambo lutyhila ulwakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo nolunomtsalane lwendaleko:
- Icala actinopterygii (intlanzi ene-ray-finned):
- I-Subclass Chondrostei: Kubandakanya ii-sturgeons kunye neentlanzi zamandulo.
- I-Subclass Neopterygii:
- I-Infraclass Holostei
- I-Infraclass Teleostei: Imele uninzi de peces kule mihla.
- Icala Sarcopterygii (intlanzi ene-lobe):
- Udidi oluphantsi lweCoelacanthimorpha: iicoelacanths.
- Udidi oluphantsi lweDipnoi: Lungfish.
- Udidi oluphantsi lweTetrapodomorpha: Ibandakanya ookhokho beetetrapods zomhlaba.
Actinopterygians Ziquka uninzi lweentlobo esele zikho, eziphawulwa ngamaphiko axhaswe yimitha yamathambo. I-Sarcopterygian Zibandakanya iintlobo ezininzi zamandulo ezinamaphiko alobed, ezinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni.
Ezona mpawu ziphambili zentlanzi emathambo
- I-Skeleton kunye nesakhiwo samathambo
Umzimba wahlulwe waba amathambo yezihlunu (umqolo), i-cephalic (ukhakhayi), i-zonal (fin anchorage) kunye ne-appendicular (fins). amathambo amathambo inika amandla, ukhuseleko kunye nokukwazi ukuqubha ngokufanelekileyo.Ngokungafaniyo neentlanzi ze-cartilaginous, i-osteichthyes inayo i-vertebrae ene-ossified kunye neimbambo ezihlukeneyo, ukuvumela ukuqina okukhulu kwemisipha kunye nokuguquguquka.
- Iintlungu kunye nokuphefumla
Ukufumana Iiglu ngaphakathi kwegumbi lesebe elidalwe ngu-a i-operculum ephathwayo, eyenza ukhuseleko kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi ayimfuneko ukukhupha i-oxygen.
Kwezinye iimeko, iigill ziyaguquka zibe yimiphunga yamandulo okanye qubha isinyi ithatha indawo yokuphefumla. - Umlomo, amazinyo kunye nemihlathi
Umlomo wetheminali, ucaciswe kwaye uchaneke kakhulu. amazinyo Zivela kumathambo esikhumba kwaye azifane zitshintshwe xa zilahlekile, ngokungafaniyo nookrebe. - izikali
Bagquma umzimba kwaye kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindaleko:- Cycloids: Imiphetho egudileyo, eqhelekileyo kwiintlobo zamandulo.
- Ctenoids: Imiphetho edibeneyo, kwiintlobo zanamhlanje.
Ezi zikali zisebenza njengento yokukhusela, ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana kunye nokunceda ukuchongwa kweentlobo (ngokukodwa ngomgca wecala).
- Amaphiko
Zinezibini ezininzi (i-pectoral, i-pelvic) kunye neempumlo ezingapheliyo (i-dorsal, anal, caudal). Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ye-pelvic kunye ne-thoracic fins, siyahlula phakathi kwesisu, i-thoracic, i-jugular, kunye ne-apodal fins. - qubha isinyi
I-organ yangaphakathi ezaliswe ngegesi elawula i-buoyancy kwaye ivumela intlanzi ukuba ihlale imisiwe ngaphandle kokuchitha amandla. Kwezinye iintlobo, ikhula ibe ngumphunga. - Inkqubo ye-nervous kunye nezitho zoluvo
Amagqabantshintshi umgca osecaleni, ezikhethekileyo ekubhaqweni iintshukumo kunye neentshukumo emanzini. Ukongeza, iichromatophores eluswini zivumela ukwahluka kunye nokufihla ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yokuhlala. - Ulusu kunye nombala
I-epidermis iqulethe amadlala amadlala kunye neechromatophores, ukuvelisa imibala yeempawu, ukulingisa kunye nemiqondiso ngexesha lokuzala.
Phakathi kolunye ulungelelwaniso, ezinye iintlobo zibonisa i-morphologies ekhethekileyo, ukusuka kwimizimba ye-hydrodynamic kwiindadi ezinamandla ukuya kwiifom ze-mimetic kwiintlanzi ezihlala kumanzi anzulu okanye kwiindawo ezinzima.
Ukutya kweentlanzi ezinamathambo
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze Imikhwa yokondla:
- Ukutya: Ikakhulu ngabo banezisu ezikhulu, ipyloric caeca, kunye namathumbu amafutshane. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-salmon, i-trout, kunye ne-hake.
- Ukutya izilwanyana: Isisu esilula kunye namathumbu amade. Umzekelo: i-parrotfish, enye i-carp.
- Izihluzi: Babamba iplankton, besebenzisa ii-arches zegill ezilungisiweyo.
- Iimpawu: Badibanisa ukutya kwezilwanyana kunye nemifuno.
Uhlobo lwe I-teething kwaye inkqubo yokwetyisa ixhomekeke ekutyeni. Ezinye iintlanzi zilahlekelwe okanye ziguqule amazinyo azo ngokuxhomekeke ekutyeni kwazo (njengoko kwenzeka kwi-filter feeders), ngelixa izilwanyana zinamazinyo angama-conical okanye iimilo ezikhethekileyo zokusika, ukutyumza, okanye ukufunxa amaxhoba.
Indawo yokuhlala yeentlanzi ezinamathambo
Iintlanzi ezinethambo eziye zahlala phantsi iindawo zasemanzini eyaziwayo:
- Amanzi amatsha: Amachibi, imilambo, amachibi nemisinga. Imizekelo: i-carp, i-pike, i-tench.
- Amanzi etyuwa: Iilwandle, iilwandle namachweba. Imizekelo: iintlanzana, ityhuna, igrouper.
- Amanzi anebrackish: Iindawo zotshintsho phakathi kwamanzi amatsha kunye netyuwa, njengamachweba kunye neemangrove.
- Iimeko ezingqongileyo ezigqithisileyo: Ezinye iintlobo zihlala kumanzi anzulu, kwiindawo ezimhlophe, kumanzi ashushu ashushu okanye kwiimeko zetyuwa eninzi kunye noxinzelelo.
Ukukwazi kwabo ukulungelelanisa kuye kwavumela ukuguquka kweentlobo ezineempawu ezikhethekileyo, ezifana nokukwazi ukumelana namaqondo okushisa aphantsi, ukunyamezela uxinzelelo olukhulu kulwandle olunzulu, kwaye uhlala kwiindawo eziphantsi zokukhanya.
Ukuveliswa kweentlanzi zamathambo
- Ukuveliswa kwesondo okuphambili: Amadoda kunye nabasetyhini bahlula, nangona i-dimorphism isoloko kunzima ukuhlula kwiintlobo ezininzi.
- Ukuchunyiswa kwangaphandle rhoqo: Amaqanda kunye namadlozi akhululwa emanzini, nangona kukho ngaphandle kokuchumisa kwangaphakathi (amadoda anamaphiko alungelelanisiweyo).
- Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzala: Ikakhulu i-oviparous (ibeka amaqanda), kodwa kukho neentlobo ze-ovoviviparous kunye ne-viviparous.
- Ulandelelwano lwe-hermaphroditism: Kukho iintlobo ezitshintsha isondo ngexesha lokuphila kwazo, zikhetha ukusinda kweqela.
- Ukhathalelo lwabazali: Inqabile, kodwa ikhona kwezinye iintlobo ezigada amaqanda okanye amancinci de azalwe.
Umahluko phakathi kwentlanzi yebhony kunye neentlanzi ezinobunzima
- Umathambo: I-Bony kwi-osteichthyans; i-cartilaginous kwaye iguquguqukayo kwi-chondrichthyans.
- Izikali: I-Cycloid, i-ctenoid, okanye izikali ze-ganoid kwiintlanzi zamathambo; i-placoid okanye i-dermal denticles kwi-cartilaginous fish.
- Ukuphefumla: Iintlanzi ezinethambo lethambo zineembilini ezikhuselwe yi-operculum; intlanzi ye-cartilaginous ine-slits yegill engakhuselekanga kunye ne-spiracles eyongezelelweyo yokungena kwamanzi.
- Ukuqubha isinyi: Zikhona uninzi de peces amathambo, angekhoyo kwi-cartilaginous (ezi zilawula i-buoyancy usebenzisa isibindi sazo esinamafutha aphezulu okanye ngokuqubha rhoqo).
- I-Caudal fin: I-Homocercal (i-lobes elinganayo) kwithambo, i-heterocercal (i-lobes ezingalinganiyo) kwi-cartilaginous.
- Iindlela zokuzala: I-Oviparous, i-ovoviviparous, okanye i-viviparous, kunye nokuchumisa kwangaphandle kakhulu kwizilwanyana ezinamathambo; ukuchumisa kwangaphakathi kunye nenani elincinci labantwana abaphuhliswe ngakumbi kwizilwanyana ze-cartilaginous.
- Amalungu oluvo: Umgca wecala kuzo zombini, kodwa kwizilwanyana ze-cartilaginous i-Ampullae yaseLorenzini ivelele ekuboneni iindawo zombane.
U mzekelo de peces ithambo
Iintlobo ze intlanzi emathambo Inkulu, iquka iintlanzi ezaziwayo nezityiwayo, kunye neentlobo ezihonjisiweyo nezingaqhelekanga. Eminye imizekelo ephawulekayo yile:
- Islamoni: Idumile ngexabiso layo lesondlo kunye nokufuduka okumangalisayo.
- Umqala: Ihlala emanzini abandayo, amatsha kunye namanzi anetyuwa.
- Intente: Ixhaphakile kwii-aquariums kunye nokutya.
- Ituna: Umgijimi wolwandle, isitshixo sokutya kwabantu.
- Egolide: Ithandwa kakhulu kwi-cuisine yeMeditera.
- I-bass yolwandle, i-sardine, i-mackerel, i-horse mackerel, i-bonito, i-hake, i-clownfish: Imizekelo eyongezelelweyo yokubaluleka okukhulu kwendalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nokuhombisa.
Curiosities, ulungelelwaniso kunye nokwahluka kwiintlanzi ezinamathambo
- Ukulinganisa kunye nombala: Iintlobo ezininzi ziye iichromatophores ezibangela utshintsho lombala kwi-camouflage okanye iimpawu zokuzala. Umzekelo: intlanzi yodwa kunye ne-reef.
- Iimilo zomzimba ezizodwa: Abanye babonisa ukuqhelana okugqithisileyo, okufana nentlanzi ye porcupine, ethi ikhukhumale ukuze izikhusele, okanye intlanzi ephaphazelayo, ebaleka amarhamncwa ngokubhabha phezu kwamanzi.
- Amalungu ombane: Kwiintsapho ezifana neGymnotidae (eels zombane) zikhona izitho zangasese ekwaziyo ukuvelisa iimpembelelo zombane ukubona ixhoba okanye ukunxibelelana.
- Isinyi sokuqubha esinemisebenzi emininzi: Ukongeza ekulawuleni i-buoyancy, kwezinye iintlobo zisebenza njenge-acoustic organ ukuze ikhuphe okanye ibone izandi.
- Ukwahluka kokuveliswa kwakhona: Ubuchule obufana nokwakha indlwane, ukukhwelana nemijuxuzo, utshintsho lwesini (sequential hermaphroditism), nokuphuhliswa kolutsha emlonyeni okanye kwisinyi somzali.
Ukubaluleka kwendalo kunye nezoqoqosho kwiintlanzi zamathambo
- Isitshixo kumakhonkco okutya: Zihlala kuwo onke amanqanaba esondlo, ukusuka kwizilwanyana ezizingelayo ukuya kwizilwanyana ezitya utyani kunye nezihluzi zokutya, ezimisela ubume kunye nempilo yendalo yasemanzini.
- Isiseko sokuloba kwihlabathi: Babandakanya uninzi lwentengiso kunye nokubambisa okuziphilisayo, kunye neentlobo zokuhombisa kwindawo yokuzonwabisa yase-aquarium.
- Iimpawu zokusingqongileyo: Ubuninzi bazo, iyantlukwano kunye nempilo yabo ibonisa iimeko zeendawo zokuhlala kunye nomgangatho wamanzi.
I-taxonomy kunye nokuvela kweentlanzi zamathambo
- Imbonakalo kwimbali yendaleko: Iintlanzi zokuqala zamathambo zavela kwakudala ngaphambi kwezilwanyana zasemanzini ezisemhlabeni, zivela kwizinyanya ze-lobe-finned.
- I-Pelvication: Iintlanzi ezininzi ze-bony zinokufuduka phakathi kwamanzi ahlambulukileyo kunye netyuwa, njenge-salmon, i-eel, kunye ne-trout yolwandle, ebonisa ukulungelelaniswa okukhethekileyo kwiinguqu zetyuwa.
Iintlanzi ze-Bony zibonisa ukubonakaliswa kokugqibela kokulungelelaniswa kunye nokwahluka kwihlabathi lamanzi. Indima yabo yendalo, yebhayoloji, kunye nezoqoqosho ihlala isisiseko kulungelelwaniso lwendalo, isondlo somntu, kunye nokuqonda kwethu i-vertebrate evolution. Ukujonga ukutyeba kwazo kweemo, imisebenzi, kunye nokuziphatha kufana nokuphanda kwesinye sezahluko ezibangela umdla kwimbali yendalo.